{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:50:45Z","timestamp":1790207445417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["773830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["773830"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of the GI-23 lineage, which first emerged in the Middle East in the late 1990s, has since spread worldwide. The factors driving its expansion, whether human involvement, wild bird migration, or the virus\u2019s biological traits, are still unclear. This study aimed to trace the genome evolution of GI-23 IBV in chickens and its adaptability to quails, which are susceptible to both gamma- and deltacoronaviruses. Thirty specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds, aged between two and three weeks, were used. Initially, three birds were inoculated with the G052\/2016 IBV via the oculo-nasal route. On the third day post-infection (dpi), oropharyngeal swabs were collected from the whole group, pooled, and subsequently used to infect three next birds. This process was repeated nine more times during consecutive IBV passages (P-I\u2013P-X), and eventually, virus sequencing was performed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). The obtained results showed that quails were not susceptible to the IBV GI-23 lineage, as the virus RNA was detected in low amounts only during the first passage (QP-I) with no further detections in later rounds of IBV passaging. In chickens, only mild diarrhea symptoms appeared in a few individuals. The NGS analysis identified sixty-two single nucleotide variants (SNVs), thirty of which caused amino acid changes, twenty-eight were synonymous, and one SNV introduced a stop codon. Three SNVs were found in untranslated regions. However, none of these SNVs lasted beyond seven passages, with forty-four being unique SNVs. The Shannon entropy values measured during passages varied for pol1a, pol1b, S, 5a, 5b, and N genes, with overall genome complexity peaking at CP-VI and CP-X. The highest complexity was observed in the pol1a (CP-X) and S genes (CP-IV, CP-VI, CP-VIII, and CP-X). Along with the S gene that was under positive selection, eight codons in pol1a were also positively selected. These findings suggest that even in an adapted host, IBV variability does not stabilize without immune pressure, indicating continuous molecular changes within its genome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1745912976000},"page":"4200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genomic Alterations of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Strain of the GI-23 Lineage Induced by Passages in Chickens and Quails"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Domanska-Blicharz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Sajewicz-Krukowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Opolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Tarasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Dziadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Viral Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"An apparent new respiratory disease of baby chicks","volume":"78","author":"Schalk","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Am. 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