{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:46:17Z","timestamp":1783053977257,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI21C1300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C1300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) requires lifestyle changes that may alter exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study aimed to assess maternal and fetal exposure to EDCs\u2014including bisphenol-A (BPA), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)\u2014during the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate their association with fetal birthweight. Maternal urine (second and third trimester) and paired cord blood samples were analyzed from 58 GDM and 118 non-GDM pregnancies using UPLC-MS\/MS. Significant correlations were found between maternal urine and cord blood levels of BPA and MEP. Cord blood BPA levels were significantly lower in GDM mothers (0.35 vs. 0.72 \u03bcg\/L, p &lt; 0.05), suggesting reduced exposure due to dietary interventions. However, maternal urinary BPA levels in GDM pregnancies were positively associated with fetal birthweight (\u03b2 = 2.69, p &lt; 0.05), indicating increased susceptibility to obesogenic effects. PFOA was present in all cord blood but only 41% of maternal urine samples. These findings underscore the dual impact of GDM-related lifestyle changes: reduced EDC transfer to the fetus, yet persistent metabolic vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1745912976000},"page":"4226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Fetal Weight: Exposure Monitoring Among Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Fetuses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Subeen","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6264-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sae Kyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7897-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Ha","family":"Wie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eunpyeong St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Eun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Sung","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2515-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung Soo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0119-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeun","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Ju","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Yang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Goodbeing Center Co., Ltd., Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Sun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108586","article-title":"Gestational diabetes in Korea: Temporal trends in prevalence, treatment, and short-term consequences from a national health insurance claims database between 2012 and 2016","volume":"171","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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