{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:20:51Z","timestamp":1789842051090,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["National Program \u201cYoung Scientists and Postdoctoral Students-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Program \u201cYoung Scientists and Postdoctoral Students-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine condition in women of reproductive age, characterized also by insulin resistance, affecting both obese and non-obese individuals. Hyperprolactinemia in patients with PCOS may additionally aggravate the decline in insulin sensitivity, attributable to prolactin lipogenic effects and influence on metabolic profile. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the serum levels of prolactin in women with PCOS and their associations with obesity, insulin resistance and prediabetes. A retrospective monocentric study was performed using the electronic database of 157 women diagnosed with PCOS. Serum prolactin, BMI, complete glucose-insulin profile and insulin resistance indices following OGTT were determined. The women with hyperprolactinemia (40.8%) had significantly higher BMI (p = 0.007), fasting glucose (p = 0.003), insulin levels (p &lt; 0.001) and HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0.001). The women with PCOS categorized as overweight\/obese (47.1%), insulin resistant (68.8%), having impaired fasting glycaemia (28.7%) and prediabetes (36.3%) showed significantly higher levels of prolactin compared to the respective counterparts. Consequently, higher prolactin levels were significantly associated with an elevated risk of development of overweight\/obesity (OR 2.59; 95% CI: 1.34\u20134.97, p = 0.004), insulin resistance (OR 3.33; 95% CI: 1.54\u20137.19, p = 0.002) and prediabetes (OR 1.98; 95% CI: 1.02\u20133.85, p = 0.043) in women with PCOS. Our results suggest that hyperprolactinemia might be a pathophysiological link between obesity, insulin resistance, and carbohydrate metabolism impairments in patients with PCOS. Increased prolactin levels may serve as an additional indicator of insulin resistance and even further exacerbate it in women with PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T11:00:54Z","timestamp":1745924454000},"page":"4239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Abnormally Increased Prolactin Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Are Associated with Risk of Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vesselina","family":"Yanachkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u201cDr. Shterev\u201d, 1330 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute, Medical University-Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Stankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004). 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