{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:56:12Z","timestamp":1787504172007,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7\/2007-2013)","award":["305823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305823"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre","award":["305823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305823"]}]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster","award":["305823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305823"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an obstetric condition most frequently caused by placental dysfunction. It is a major cause of perinatal morbidity with limited treatment options, so identifying the underpinning mechanisms is important. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are calcium-activated enzymes that mediate post-translational citrullination (deimination) of proteins, through conversion of arginine to citrulline. Protein citrullination leads to irreversible changes in protein structure and function and is implicated in many pathobiological processes. Whether placental protein citrullination occurs in FGR is poorly understood. We assessed protein citrullination and PAD isozyme abundance (PAD1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) in human placental samples from pregnancies complicated by early- and late-onset FGR, compared to appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) controls. Proteomic mass spectrometry demonstrated that the placental citrullinome profile changed in both early- and late-onset FGR, with 112 and 345 uniquely citrullinated proteins identified in early- and late-onset samples, respectively. Forty-four proteins were citrullinated only in control AGA placentas. The proteins that were uniquely citrullinated in FGR placentas were enriched for gene ontology (GO) terms related to neurological, developmental, immune and metabolic pathways. A greater number of GO and human phenotype pathways were functionally enriched for citrullinated proteins in late- compared with early-onset FGR. Correspondingly, late-onset but not early-onset FGR was associated with significantly increased placental abundance of PAD2 and citrullinated histone H3, determined by Western blotting. PAD3 was downregulated in early-onset FGR while abundance of PAD 1, 4 and 6 was less altered in FGR. Our findings show that placental protein citrullination is altered in FGR placentas, potentially contributing to the pathobiology of placental dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1745992217000},"page":"4247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Placental Protein Citrullination Signatures Are Modified in Early- and Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen R.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, EGA Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasia","family":"Maksym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Hillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, EGA Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3019-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca N.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, EGA Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Hristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, EGA Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7193-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigrun","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, EGA Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Pathobiology and Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"332","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): Epidemiology and etiology","volume":"6","author":"Romo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chew, L.C., Obiyo, O., Reed, D.J., and Verma, R.P. (2025, March 22). Fetal Growth Restriction, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK562268\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.565","article-title":"The role of aspirin, heparin, and other interventions in the prevention and treatment of fetal growth restriction","volume":"218","author":"Groom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884","article-title":"Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: A Delphi procedure","volume":"48","author":"Gordijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000357592","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol","volume":"36","author":"Figueras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13499","article-title":"Defining early vs late fetal growth restriction by placental pathology","volume":"98","author":"Aviram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-325285","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes following early fetal growth restriction: A subgroup analysis of the EVERREST study","volume":"108","author":"Lingam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210575","article-title":"Placenta-specific Slc38a2\/SNAT2 knockdown causes fetal growth restriction in mice","volume":"135","author":"Vaughan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00024","article-title":"Protein Arginine Deiminases (PADs): Biochemistry and Chemical Biology of Protein Citrullination","volume":"52","author":"Mondal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2013.07.003","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminases in citrullination, gene regulation, health and pathogenesis","volume":"1829","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150202160954","article-title":"Protein Arginine Deiminases and Associated Citrullination: Physiological Functions and Diseases Associated with Dysregulation","volume":"16","author":"Witalison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7592851","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7592851","article-title":"An Overview of the Intrinsic Role of Citrullination in Autoimmune Disorders","volume":"2019","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.06.006","article-title":"Post-translational protein deimination in cod (Gadus morhua L.) ontogeny novel roles in tissue remodelling and mucosal immune defences?","volume":"87","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.297058","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminases and extracellular vesicles: Prospective drug targets and biomarkers in central nervous system diseases and repair","volume":"16","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04126-3","article-title":"Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: Recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Ciesielski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-2797","article-title":"Citrullination in Cancer","volume":"79","author":"Yuzhalin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barasa, L., and Thompson, P.R. (2023). Protein citrullination: Inhibition, identification and insertion. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 378.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0240"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harada, K., Carr, S.M., Shrestha, A., and La Thangue, N.B. (2023). Citrullination and the protein code: Crosstalk between post-translational modifications in cancer. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 378.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0243"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.016329","article-title":"Role for PADI6 and the cytoplasmic lattices in ribosomal storage in oocytes and translational control in the early mouse embryo","volume":"135","author":"Yurttas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.06.024","article-title":"Mutations in PADI6 Cause Female Infertility Characterized by Early Embryonic Arrest","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-018-0141-3","article-title":"Biallelic PADI6 variants linking infertility, miscarriages, and hydatidiform moles","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20020870","article-title":"cDNA cloning, gene organization and expression analysis of human peptidylarginine deiminase type I","volume":"370","author":"Guerrin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4788","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4788","article-title":"A single-cell survey of the human first-trimester placenta and decidua","volume":"4","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52004","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52004","article-title":"Single cell transcriptional signatures of the human placenta in term and preterm parturition","volume":"8","author":"Romero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioac173","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases","volume":"107","author":"Christensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erpenbeck, L., Chowdhury, C.S., Zsengell\u00e9r, Z.K., Gallant, M., Burke, S.D., Cifuni, S., Hahn, S., Wagner, D.D., and Karumanchi, S.A. (2016). PAD4 Deficiency Decreases Inflammation and Susceptibility to Pregnancy Loss in a Mouse Model. Biol. Reprod., 95.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.140293"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0188","article-title":"The Choline Metabolite TMAO Inhibits NETosis and Promotes Placental Development in GDM of Humans and Mice","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000522331","article-title":"The Citrullination-Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Axis in Chronic Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Maronek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00203.2016","article-title":"Citrulline directly modulates muscle protein synthesis via the PI3K\/MAPK\/4E-BP1 pathway in a malnourished state: Evidence from in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies","volume":"312","author":"Goron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"p113","article-title":"Protein Synthesis Rates of Human Placentas Studied In Vivo at Different Gestational Ages Using Stable Isotopes","volume":"93","author":"Vlaardingerbroek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071193","article-title":"Evidence of placental translation inhibition and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the etiology of human intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"173","author":"Yung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.09.021","article-title":"Global protein synthesis in human trophoblast is resistant to inhibition by hypoxia","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-190082","article-title":"Evidence of endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein synthesis inhibition in the placenta of non-native women at high altitude","volume":"26","author":"Yung","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quigley, E.B., DeVore, S.B., Khan, S.A., Geisterfer, Z.M., Rothfuss, H.M., Sequoia, A.O., Thompson, P.R., Gatlin, J.C., Cherrington, B.D., and Navratil, A.M. (2024). GnRH Induces Citrullination of the Cytoskeleton in Murine Gonadotrope Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063181"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190794","article-title":"Down-regulation of placental Cdc42 and Rac1 links mTORC2 inhibition to decreased trophoblast amino acid transport in human intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"134","author":"Jansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-011-9369-3","article-title":"Lipid rafts and cytoskeletal proteins in placental microvilli membranes from preeclamptic and IUGR pregnancies","volume":"241","author":"Riquelme","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev202088","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.202088","article-title":"Maternal-fetal cross-talk via the placenta: Influence on offspring development and metabolism","volume":"150","author":"Kramer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005898","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Preeclampsia: Can Small Packages Carry a Big Punch?","volume":"134","author":"Hess","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.07.006","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles- crucial players in human pregnancy","volume":"140","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19244","article-title":"Trophoblast-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Preeclampsia by Regulating Macrophage Polarization","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, C.S. (2024). Placenta Extracellular Vesicles: Messengers Connecting Maternal and Fetal Systems. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080995"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.02.006","article-title":"Placental exosomes profile in maternal and fetal circulation in intrauterine growth restriction\u2014Liquid biopsies to monitoring fetal growth","volume":"64","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ariyakumar, G., Morris, J.M., McKelvey, K.J., Ashton, A.W., and McCracken, S.A. (2021). NF-\u03baB regulation in maternal immunity during normal and IUGR pregnancies. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00430-3"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21205","article-title":"Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles From Preeclamptic Pregnancies Impair Vascular Endothelial Function via Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor-1","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalobos-Labra, R., Liu, R., Spaans, F., S\u00e1ez, T., Semeria Maitret, T., Quon, A., Sawamura, T., Cooke, C.M., and Davidge, S.T. (2022). Placenta-derived extracellular vesicles from preeclamptic and healthy pregnancies impair ex vivo vascular endothelial function. Biosci. Rep., 42.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20222185"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.58731","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from M1 macrophages deliver miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p to suppress trophoblast migration and invasion by targeting TRAF6 in recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaemsaithong, P., Luewan, S., Taweevisit, M., Chiangjong, W., Pongchaikul, P., Thorner, P.S., Tongsong, T., and Chutipongtanate, S. (2023). Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy Complications and Prospects on a Liquid Biopsy for Hemoglobin Bart\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065658"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4973","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282849","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as markers and mediators of pregnancy complications: Gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and fetal growth restriction","volume":"601","author":"Farrelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.01.004","article-title":"Human placenta releases extracellular vesicles carrying corticotrophin releasing hormone mRNA into the maternal blood","volume":"146","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26192","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26192","article-title":"A novel role for peptidylarginine deiminases in microvesicle release reveals therapeutic potential of PAD inhibition in sensitizing prostate cancer cells to chemotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Kholia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosgodage, U.S., Trindade, R.P., Thompson, P.R., Inal, J.M., and Lange, S. (2017). Chloramidine\/Bisindolylmaleimide-I-Mediated Inhibition of Exosome and Microvesicle Release and Enhanced Efficacy of Cancer Chemotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051007"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosgodage, U.S., Uysal-Onganer, P., MacLatchy, A., Kraev, I., Chatterton, N.P., Nicholas, A.P., Inal, J.M., and Lange, S. (2018). Peptidylarginine Deiminases Post-Translationally Deiminate Prohibitin and Modulate Extracellular Vesicle Release and MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010103"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, S., Gallagher, M., Kholia, S., Kosgodage, U.S., Hristova, M., Hardy, J., and Inal, J.M. (2017). Peptidylarginine Deiminases-Roles in Cancer and Neurodegeneration and Possible Avenues for Therapeutic Intervention via Modulation of Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061196"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sancandi, M., Uysal-Onganer, P., Kraev, I., Mercer, A., and Lange, S. (2020). Protein Deimination Signatures in Plasma and Plasma-EVs and Protein Deimination in the Brain Vasculature in a Rat Model of Pre-Motor Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082743"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysal-Onganer, P., MacLatchy, A., Mahmoud, R., Kraev, I., Thompson, P.R., Inal, J.M., and Lange, S. (2020). Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isozyme-Specific PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 Inhibitors Differentially Modulate Extracellular Vesicle Signatures and Cell Invasion in Two Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041495"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysal-Onganer, P., D\u2019Alessio, S., Mortoglou, M., Kraev, I., and Lange, S. (2021). Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Application, Using Cl-Amidine, PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 Isozyme-Specific Inhibitors in Pancreatic Cancer Cells, Reveals Roles for PAD2 and PAD3 in Cancer Invasion and Modulation of Extracellular Vesicle Signatures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031396"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04285-3","article-title":"WNT and NOTCH signaling in human trophoblast development and differentiation","volume":"79","author":"Dietrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab070","article-title":"Placental Angiogenesis in Mammals: A Review of the Regulatory Effects of Signaling Pathways and Functional Nutrients","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-247767","article-title":"Citrullination of collagen II affects integrin-mediated cell adhesion in a receptor-specific manner","volume":"28","author":"Haag","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2019.04.002","article-title":"Citrullination of fibronectin alters integrin clustering and focal adhesion stability promoting stromal cell invasion","volume":"82","author":"Stefanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00364-7","article-title":"The Involvement of Cell Adhesion Molecules, Tight Junctions, and Gap Junctions in Human Placentation","volume":"28","author":"Czika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/13.8.993","article-title":"The MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, plays an essential role in the maternofetal transfer of gamma-globulin in humans","volume":"13","author":"Firan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511421055","article-title":"Methylation-dependent PAD2 upregulation in multiple sclerosis peripheral blood","volume":"18","author":"Calabrese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-019-00687-0","article-title":"Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase, Type II (PADI2) Is Involved in Urothelial Bladder Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, I.O., Parsi, S., Ostrow, L.W., Brown, R.H., Thompson, P.R., and Xu, Z. (2024). PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS. Neurobiol. Dis., 192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106414"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballasy, N.N., Bering, E.A., Kokorudz, C., Radford, B.N., Zhao, X., Dean, W., and Hemberger, M. (2022). Padi2\/3 Deficiency Alters the Epigenomic Landscape and Causes Premature Differentiation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162466"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.8.11533","article-title":"Neonatal short-term outcomes in infants with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"36","author":"Hasmasanu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12744","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminases: Novel drug targets for prevention of neuronal damage following hypoxic ischemic insult (HI) in neonates","volume":"130","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, S. (2016). Peptidylarginine Deiminases as Drug Targets in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Front. Neurol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00022"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Harvey-Jones, K., Kraev, I., Verma, V., Meehan, C., Mintoft, A., Norris, G., Campbell, E., Tucker, K., and Robertson, N.J. (2023). The Extracellular Vesicle Citrullinome and Signature in a Piglet Model of Neonatal Seizures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411529"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16387","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of placental perfusion and oxygen saturation in early-onset fetal growth restriction","volume":"128","author":"Aughwane","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"15","article-title":"Trisomy 13, 18, 21, Triploidy and Turner syndrome: The 5T\u2019s. Look at the hands","volume":"3","author":"Witters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Facts Views Vis. Obgyn."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.012","article-title":"Causes of intrauterine growth restriction and the postnatal development of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1092","author":"Valsamakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.012","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular consequences of fetal growth restriction: Biology, clinical implications, and opportunities for prevention of adult disease","volume":"218","author":"Crispi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R427","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00359.2018","article-title":"Differential effects of intrauterine growth restriction and a hypersinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp on metabolic pathways and insulin action in the fetal liver","volume":"316","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245ra92","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008808","article-title":"Protein misfolding, congophilia, oligomerization, and defective amyloid processing in preeclampsia","volume":"6","author":"Buhimschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturi, G., and Montanaro, L. (2020). How Altered Ribosome Production Can Cause or Contribute to Human Disease: The Spectrum of Ribosomopathies. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102300"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13522","article-title":"FIGO (international Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: Best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction","volume":"152","author":"Melamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad002","article-title":"International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood","volume":"44","author":"Boguszewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.045955-0","article-title":"Teratogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus L-forms using a mouse whole-embryo culture model","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022058813","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058813","article-title":"Late-Onset Sepsis Among Very Preterm Infants","volume":"150","author":"Flannery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324977","article-title":"Late-onset sepsis in very preterm infants in Norway in 2009\u20132018: A population-based study","volume":"108","author":"Huncikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e503","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30541-2","article-title":"Causes of stillbirths among women from South Africa: A prospective, observational study","volume":"7","author":"Madhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.04.004","article-title":"Salmonella enteritidis foodborne infection induces altered placental morphometrics in the murine model","volume":"109","author":"Betancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noto Llana, M., Sarnacki, S.H., Aya Casta\u00f1eda, M.delR., Pustovrh, M.C., Gartner, A.S., Buzzola, F.R., Cerquetti, M.C., and Giacomodonato, M.N. (2014). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis enterocolitis during late stages of gestation induces an adverse pregnancy outcome in the murine model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111282"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Shigellosis complicating preterm premature rupture of membranes resulting in congenital infection and preterm delivery","volume":"100","author":"Rebarber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0669","article-title":"Shigellosis and Pregnancy in French Guiana: Obstetric and Neonatal Complications","volume":"95","author":"Parisot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"189","article-title":"Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from aborted fetuses and sows in pig farms with reproductive disturbances","volume":"12","author":"Szweda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"135","article-title":"Serious Influence of Yersinia Enterocolitis on Pregnancy in a Woman Complicated With Chronic Hypertension and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report","volume":"2","author":"Asarkua","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Preg Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, T., Pan, B., Alam, H.B., Liu, B., Bronson, R.T., Deng, Q., Wu, E., and Li, Y. (2016). Protective effect of Cl-amidine against CLP-induced lethal septic shock in mice. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36696"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000448808","article-title":"Cl-Amidine Prevents Histone 3 Citrullination and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation, and Improves Survival in a Murine Sepsis Model","volume":"9","author":"Biron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.07.005","article-title":"Inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminase alleviates LPS-induced pulmonary dysfunction and improves survival in a mouse model of lethal endotoxemia","volume":"833","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosgodage, U.S., Matewele, P., Mastroianni, G., Kraev, I., Brotherton, D., Awamaria, B., Nicholas, A.P., Lange, S., and Inal, J.M. (2019). Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitors Reduce Bacterial Membrane Vesicle Release and Sensitize Bacteria to Antibiotic Treatment. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00227"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02940.x","article-title":"Early environmental factors and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"143","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306069347","article-title":"Early environmental exposure and the development of lupus","volume":"15","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosing, M.A., Lundholm, C., Cnattingius, S., Gatz, M., and Pedersen, N.L. (2018). Associations between birth characteristics and age-related cognitive impairment and dementia: A registry-based cohort study. PLoS Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002609"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"139","article-title":"Long-Term Neurologic Consequences following Fetal Growth Restriction: The Impact on Brain Reserve","volume":"47","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer, A., Sancandi, M., Maclatchy, A., and Lange, S. (2024). Brain-Region-Specific Differences in Protein Citrullination\/Deimination in a Pre-Motor Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rat Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011168"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02128-1","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: An umbrella review","volume":"402","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2021.1918104","article-title":"Targeting citrullination in autoimmunity: Insights learned from preclinical mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmad100","article-title":"Frequency of serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"55","author":"Ghozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_507_23","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy and its outcome: A prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12802","article-title":"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention","volume":"145","author":"Poon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01221-0","article-title":"Inhibition of PAD2 Improves Survival in a Mouse Model of Lethal LPS-Induced Endotoxic Shock","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e396","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319522","article-title":"PAD4-Induced NETosis Via Cathepsin G-Mediated Platelet-Neutrophil Interaction in ChAdOx1 Vaccine-Induced Thrombosis-Brief Report","volume":"43","author":"Carnevale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190070","article-title":"Epigenetic processes during preeclampsia and effects on fetal development and chronic health","volume":"135","author":"Ashraf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-022-00611-4","article-title":"Epigenetics Beyond Fetal Growth Restriction: A Comprehensive Overview","volume":"26","author":"Salmeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4381","article-title":"Nutrition, epigenetics, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq052","article-title":"Epigenetics and the placenta","volume":"17","author":"Nelissen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Wang, X., Li, J., Wang, B., and Wu, G. (2017). Fetal and neonatal programming of postnatal growth and feed efficiency in swine. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0173-5"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T105","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0009","article-title":"Epigenetic responses and the developmental origins of health and disease","volume":"242","author":"Goyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103124","article-title":"Sex-specific epigenetic gene activation profiles are differentially modulated in human placentas affected by intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"139","author":"Meister","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoikou, M., Grimolizzi, F., Giaglis, S., Sch\u00e4fer, G., van Breda, S.V., Hoesli, I.M., Lapaire, O., Huhn, E.A., Hasler, P., and Rossi, S.W. (2017). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Altered Neutrophil Activity. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00702"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn, S., Giaglis, S., Hoesli, I., and Hasler, P. (2012). Neutrophil NETs in reproduction: From infertility to preeclampsia and the possibility of fetal loss. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00362"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-024-02298-6","article-title":"Placental neutrophil reverse trans-migration and maternal serum neutrophil extracellular trap expression in HIV infection co-morbid pre-eclampsia in women of African ancestry","volume":"162","author":"Moodley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arisan, E.D., Uysal-Onganer, P., and Lange, S. (2020). Putative Roles for Peptidylarginine Deiminases in COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134662"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201129","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201129","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology","volume":"217","author":"Veras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auriti, C., De Rose, D.U., Santisi, A., Martini, L., Piersigilli, F., Bersani, I., Ronchetti, M.P., and Caforio, L. (2021). Pregnancy and viral infections: Mechanisms of fetal damage, diagnosis and prevention of neonatal adverse outcomes from cytomegalovirus to SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166198"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-06176-7","article-title":"Placental infarction and intrauterine growth restriction following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"304","author":"Moltner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009495","article-title":"Adverse maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2023-0406","article-title":"The association between parental SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and fetal growth restriction","volume":"52","author":"Mitta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01918-w","article-title":"Crossing epigenetic frontiers: The intersection of novel histone modifications and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, R., Ambler, G., Brodszki, J., Diemert, A., Figueras, F., Gratac\u00f3s, E., Hansson, S.R., Hecher, K., Huertas-Ceballos, A., and Marlow, N. (2017). EVERREST prospective study: A 6-year prospective study to define the clinical and biological characteristics of pregnancies affected by severe early onset fetal growth restriction. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1226-7"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessio, S., Cheng, H., Eaton, L., Kraev, I., Pamenter, M.E., and Lange, S. (2022). Acute Hypoxia Alters Extracellular Vesicle Signatures and the Brain Citrullinome of Naked Mole-Rats (Heterocephalus glaber). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094683"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, P., Rajoria, P., Poonia, P., and Chopra, M. (2024). Identification of novel PAD2 inhibitors using pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and MD simulation studies. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78330-5"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1760030672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26094247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26094247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]}}}