{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:16:03Z","timestamp":1777626963658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT-ANR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["188565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["188565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT-ANR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN211024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN211024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","award":["188565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["188565"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","award":["IN211024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN211024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TGF-\u03b2 is a pleiotropic cytokine with both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune cells, depending on the microenvironmental context. It targets mast cells (MCs) in different physio-pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. Besides acting as a potent chemoattractant for MCs, TGF-\u03b2 regulates many other aspects of MCs\u2019 physiology, including the secretion of many regulatory molecules. MCs secrete a variety of mediators, either pre-formed or newly synthesized, upon appropriate stimulation. CCL-2 chemokine and TNF cytokine act as potent chemoattractants for several immune cells and participate in the initiation of inflammatory responses by recruiting them to injured tissues. TGF-\u03b2 regulates CCL-2 and TNF secretion in different cell types and under distinct cellular contexts. Here, we report that the treatment with TGF-\u03b2 alone induces the secretion of both pre-formed and newly synthesized CCL-2 in the rat RBL-2H3 mast cells but not in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). TGF-\u03b2-induced CCL-2 secretion depends on rapid rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and, remarkably, on the early secretion of soluble TNF that triggers an autocrine TNF signaling. In conclusion, we found cooperation between TGF-\u03b2 and TNF signaling pathways to promote the secretion of CCL-2 chemokine by MCs in a cell-context specific manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1745992217000},"page":"4263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Autocrine Regulator Loop Involving Tumor Necrosis Factor and Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand-2 Is Activated by Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 in Rat Basophilic Leukemia-2H3 Mast Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4718-5187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dulce","family":"Avila-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1195-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ibarra-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav, sede Sur), y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Envejecimiento, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Sosa-Garrocho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2319-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genaro","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Victorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandre","family":"Caligaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Anaya-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9688-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deisy","family":"Segura-Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav, sede Sur), y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Envejecimiento, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur l\u2019Inflammation, Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence Inflamex, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM U1149, CNRS EMR8252, 75018 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7332-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav, sede Sur), y Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Envejecimiento, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Macias-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"616","article-title":"TGF-beta signalling in context","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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