{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:14:04Z","timestamp":1760058844798,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University\u2013Plovdiv through Doctoral and Postdoctoral project","award":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"]}]},{"name":"\u201cStrategic Research and Innovation Program for the Development of Medical University\u2013Plovdiv\u201d","award":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"]}]},{"name":"Establishment of a Network of Research Higher Schools, National plan for recovery and resilience","award":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU","award":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"]}]},{"name":"Project \u201cNational University Complex for Biomedical Applied Research, linked to participation in BBMRI-ERIC\u201d","award":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"]}]},{"name":"Contracts D01-302\/2021 and D01-22\/2024, within the National Road Map of scientific infrastructure (2020\u20132027)","award":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPDP-03\/2020","BG-RRP-2.004-0007-C01","NUKBPI-BBMRI.BG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurable Residual Disease (MRD) assessment in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is crucial for relapse prediction and treatment guidance. Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) enhances detection but faces limitations due to insufficient leukemia-associated immunophenotypes (LAIPs) and antigen modulation. This study explores new markers to improve MFC-based MRD detection in B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL). Expression-patterns of seven aberrancy markers, i.e., CD44, CD304, CD73, CD86, CD123, CD99, CD58, and one B-cell maturation marker, CD22, were studied in 143 samples with leukemic-blasts from sixty-one childhood BCP-ALL patients and in hematogones of 20 non-leukemic bone marrow (BM) samples using fourteen-color MFC. The highest relative frequences of LAIPs amounted to 82.50%, reported for CD99 and CD58, followed by CD44 (81.10%), CD73 (76.20%), CD22 (73.40%), CD304 and CD86 (68.50%), while the lowest relative frequence was CD123 (44.40%). Differential expression of CD58, CD304, and CD73 in diagnostic samples was highly significant (p &lt; 0.01) between pre-B-I, pre-B-II, immature B cells, and BCP-ALL blasts. In MRD-positive samples CD73 showed significantly high (p &lt; 0.01) differential expression between all stages of hematogones and residual blasts, followed by CD304, CD58, and CD22. CD73 and CD304 were identified as the most reliable among the tested markers for distinguishing both diagnostic and MRD blasts from normal B cell precursors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1746090972000},"page":"4282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing Measurable Residual Disease Detection in Pediatric BCP-ALL: Insights from Novel Immunophenotypic Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Baldzhieva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology \u201cProf. Dr. Elissay Yanev\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, St. George University Hospital, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Burnusuzov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, St. George University Hospital, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2469-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristina","family":"Andreeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Laboratory Medicine Division, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 67, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6395-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Kalfova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology \u201cProf. Dr. Elissay Yanev\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, St. George University Hospital, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0522-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steliyan","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology \u201cProf. Dr. Elissay Yanev\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dobrina","family":"Dudova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology \u201cProf. Dr. Elissay Yanev\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katya","family":"Vaseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology \u201cProf. Dr. Elissay Yanev\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Murdjeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology \u201cProf. Dr. Elissay Yanev\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, St. George University Hospital, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hristo","family":"Taskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, St. George University Hospital, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"368","author":"Pui","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. 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