{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:13:12Z","timestamp":1790957592169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":411,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we explore the biomarkers of different psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Moreover, we show the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Novel techniques such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous risk loci and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) implicated in these conditions, contributing to a better understanding of their mechanisms. Moreover, the impact of genetic variations on drug metabolisms, particularly through cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, highlights the importance of pharmacogenomics in optimizing psychiatric treatment. This review also explores the role of neurotransmitter regulation, immune system interactions, and metabolic pathways in psychiatric disorders. As the technology advances, integrating genetic markers into clinical practice will be crucial in advancing precision psychiatry, improving diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic interventions for individual patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1746090972000},"page":"4285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Translating Molecular Psychiatry: From Biomarkers to Personalized Therapies\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tudor-Florentin","family":"Capatina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cTitu Maiorescu\u201d University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamaria","family":"Oatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casandra","family":"Babasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Trifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743721998044","article-title":"Precision Psychiatry: The Future Is Now","volume":"67","author":"Passos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. 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