{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:16:45Z","timestamp":1785147405718,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance underscores the need for localized drug delivery systems that minimize systemic exposure. Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs), including concentrated platelet-rich fibrin (c-PRF) and liquid-phase concentrated growth factors (LPCGFs), have emerged as potential carriers for antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of c-PRF and LPCGF as carriers for three antibiotic formulations\u2014amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, clindamycin, and a combination of amoxicillin with metronidazole\u2014against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Enterococcus faecalis (low-level natural resistance). The disk diffusion method was employed to incorporate antibiotics into both APC types, which were then applied to disks placed on bacterial cultures. The size of the inhibition zones was measured at 20-, 40-, 60-, and 80-h intervals. Every 20 h, the disks were transferred to a new Petri dish. Statistical analysis included Welch\u2019s t-test and two-way ANOVA. c-PRF demonstrated superior performance as a carrier for amoxicillin and clindamycin, showing the presence of inhibition zones for up to 60 h. In contrast, LPCGF exhibited greater efficacy when used with the amoxicillin\u2013metronidazole combination, particularly at higher concentrations. Both APCs showed limited effectiveness against E. faecalis when combined with clindamycin. The study confirms the suitability of autologous platelet concentrates as localized antibiotic delivery systems. The choice between c-PRF and LPCGF should be guided by the drug\u2019s physicochemical properties and clinical application. APCs offer a promising alternative for targeted antimicrobial therapy in dental and surgical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1746090972000},"page":"4303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Concentrated Growth Factor (CGF) as Carriers for Antibiotics\u2014In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"K\u0119pa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"\u017burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Medical Practice\u2014Clinical Periodontology, \u017buradzka 15 Street, 32-300 Olkusz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8485-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Aboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of Innovation, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Skaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wiench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24655","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24655","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance: The Challenges and Some Emerging Strategies for Tackling a Global Menace","volume":"36","author":"Ugwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. 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