{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:20:53Z","timestamp":1790720453181,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glyoxal (GO) is a reactive dicarbonyl derived endogenously from sugars and other metabolic reactions within cells. Numerous exogenous sources of this compound include tobacco smoking, air pollution, and food processing. GO is toxic to cells mainly due to its high levels and reactivity towards proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. We speculate that glyoxal could be involved in erythrocyte protein damage and lead to cell dysfunction. The osmotic fragility and level of amino and carbonyl groups of membrane proteins of erythrocytes incubated for 24 h with GO were identified. The amount of thiol, amino, and carbonyl groups was also measured in hemolysate proteins after erythrocyte treatment with GO. In hemolysate, the level of glutathione, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), TBARS, and activity of antioxidant enzymes was also determined. The study\u2019s results indicated that GO increases erythrocyte osmotic sensitivity, alters the levels of glutathione and free functional groups in hemolysate proteins, and modifies the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings indicate that GO is a highly toxic compound to human erythrocytes. Glyoxal at concentrations above 5 mM can cause functional changes in erythrocyte proteins and disrupt the oxidoreductive balance in cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1746171898000},"page":"4328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Glyoxal on Plasma Membrane and Cytosolic Proteins of Erythrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Kopera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141\/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 21\/23 Jana Matejki Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Adamkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141\/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pieniazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141\/143 Str., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, M.-Z., Guo, C., Dong, J.-Q., Zhang, J., Sun, K.-T., Lu, G.-J., Wang, L., Bo, D.-Y., Jiao, L.-Y., and Zhao, G.-A. 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