{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:24:56Z","timestamp":1779240296642,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nakaseomyces glabratus is a medically important fungal pathogen responsible for various opportunistic, life-threatening, and fatal infections, mainly among immunodepressed patients worldwide. Herein, genotypes identified in Central Poland by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) are presented. Along with the genotyping, drug susceptibility was performed. The research was conducted on 30 non-redundant clinical strains, and 15 distinct sequence types (STs) were identified, including three novel STs: ST212, ST213, and ST214. The most prevalent sequence types were ST3, ST6, and ST10. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed varied resistance rates to azoles, with fluconazole susceptibility at 16.7% and high susceptibility to amphotericin B. No correlation between ST and antifungals MIC were found. The study findings highlight the genetic diversity of N. glabratus in Central Poland and the role of surveillance and research to elucidate antifungals resistance and molecular epidemiology of N. glabratus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T09:08:56Z","timestamp":1746522536000},"page":"4407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nakaseomyces glabratus (Candida glabrata) MLST Genotypes in Central Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kuthan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego Street, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00503-3","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Kanj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myae045","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae045","article-title":"Candida albicans\u2014A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization Fungal Priority Pathogens List","volume":"62","author":"Parambath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsipoulaki, M., Stappers, M.H.T., Malavia-Jones, D., Brunke, S., Hube, B., and Gow, N.A.R. (2024). Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: Global priority pathogens. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 88.","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00021-23"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, K., Askari, F., Sahu, M.S., and Kaur, R. (2019). Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020039"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S274872","article-title":"Candidemia: Evolution of Drug Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"14","author":"Tortorano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2014.08.001","article-title":"Current epidemiology of Candida infection","volume":"36","author":"Lockhart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n, M.G., Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro, R., Conde-Cuevas, E., Garc\u00eda-Coronel, I.H., V\u00e1zquez-Aceituno, V.A., Soriano-Urs\u00faa, M.A., Farf\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda, E.D., Ochar\u00e1n-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Rodr\u00edguez-Cerdeira, C., and Arenas, R. (2021). Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101529"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deckers, C., B\u00e9lik, F., Khourssaji, M., Plum, P.E., Ausselet, N., Bulpa, P., Sonet, A., Bihin, B., Huang, T.D., and Denis, O. (2024). A decade of candidaemia: A comprehensive analysis of prognosis and risk factors at a Belgian tertiary hospital. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 110.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116493"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healey, K.R., and Perlin, D.S. (2018). Fungal resistance to echinocandins and the MDR ohenomenon in Candida glabrata. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0306.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.028","article-title":"Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide","volume":"25","author":"Pristov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab122","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab122","article-title":"Emergence of resistant Candida glabrata in Germany","volume":"3","author":"Aldejohann","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20273","article-title":"Virulence and resistance factors of Nakaseomyces glabratus (formerly known as Candida glabrata) in Europe: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Saunte","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20473","article-title":"The conundrum of antifungal resistance: Emergence of Nakaseomyces glabratus (Candida glabrata) in Europe with global implications","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit136","article-title":"Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: Clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"56","author":"Alexander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00349-06","article-title":"Candida albicans and Candida glabrata clinical isolates exhibiting reduced echinocandin susceptibility","volume":"50","author":"Katiyar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.09.084","article-title":"Narrow mutation-al signatures drive acquisition of multidrug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata","volume":"31","author":"Ksiezopolska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.668-679.2005","article-title":"Mechanisms of azole resistance in clinical isolates of Candida glabrata collected during a hospital sur-vey of antifungal resistance","volume":"49","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ksiezopolska, E., Schikora-Tamarit, M.\u00c0., Carlos Nunez-Rodriguez, J., and Gabald\u00f3n, T. (2024). Long-term stability of acquired drug resistance and resistance associated mutations in the fungal pathogen Nakaseomyces glabratus (Candida glabrata). Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1416509"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4107-4111.2005","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Candida nivariensis sp. nov., a possible new opportunistic fungus","volume":"43","author":"Cano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr298","article-title":"Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility patterns of new cryptic species inside the species complexes Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata among blood isolates from a Spanish tertiary hospital","volume":"66","author":"Eraso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64076-0","article-title":"Candida bracarensis sp. nov., a novel anamorphic yeast species phenotypically similar to Candida glabrata","volume":"56","author":"Correia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoch, C.L., Ciufo, S., Domrachev, M., Hotton, C.L., Kannan, S., Khovanskaya, R., Leipe, D., Mcveigh, R., O\u2019Neill, K., and Robbertse, B. (2020). NCBI Taxonomy: A comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database, baaa062.","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"fov114","article-title":"Old and new pathogenic Nakaseomyces species: Epidemiology, biology, identification, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance","volume":"16","author":"Angoulvant","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02116-07","article-title":"Candida nivariensis, an emerging pathogenic fungus with multidrug resistance to antifungal agents","volume":"46","author":"Borman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.22.004","article-title":"Taxonomy of Pathogenic Yeasts Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, and Trichosporon","volume":"63","author":"Takashima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.024","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality of candidaemia in Europe: An epidemiologic meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Koehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Lan, X., Cai, M., Liao, Y., Zhang, J., Ye, N., Lu, X., Wang, J., Xiao, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2025). Nineteen years retrospective analysis of epidemiology, antifungal resistance and a nomogram model for 30-day mortality in nosocomial candidemia patients. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1504866"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta-Mosquera, Y., Tapia, J.C., Armas-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., C\u00e1ceres-Valdiviezo, M.J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cadena, J.C., and Andrade-Molina, D. (2024). Prevalence and Species Distribution of Candida Clinical Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ecuador Tested from January 2019 to February 2020. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10050304"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2019-032","article-title":"Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Emerging Fungal Species, Candida nivariensis, Isolated in a Teaching Hospital in Poland","volume":"68","author":"Sikora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"51","article-title":"New species within Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata","volume":"71","author":"Sikora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Do\u015bw. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Urquiza, P., Pem\u00e1n, J., Gordon, M., Favier, P., Mu\u00f1oz-Brell, P., L\u00f3pez-Hontangas, J.L., and Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n, A. (2024). Predicting Fungemia in the ICU: Unveiling the value of weekly fungal surveillance and yeast colonisation monitoring. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10100674"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154548","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2154548","article-title":"From intestinal colonization to systemic infections: Candida albicans translocation and dissemination","volume":"14","author":"Sprague","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, Y., Chew, S.Y., and Than, L.T.L. (2021). Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms for adaptation and survival. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080667"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13811","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13811","article-title":"Rectal screening for azole non-susceptible Candida species in patients undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2025.102658","article-title":"Gastrointestinal anaerobes and Enterococcus faecalis promote Candida glabrata gastrointestinal colonization and organ dissemination","volume":"31","author":"Abe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D592","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw924","article-title":"The Candida Genome Database (CGD): Incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data","volume":"45","author":"Skrzypek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5709-5717.2003","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Candida glabrata reveals geographically enriched clades","volume":"41","author":"Dodgson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]","volume":"3","author":"Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2015.01.006","article-title":"Fungi inhabiting the healthy human gastrointestinal tract: A diverse and dynamic community","volume":"15","author":"Kachman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Chen, Y., Han, S., Lv, L., and Li, L. (2022). Next-generation sequencing applications for the study of fungal pathogens. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101882"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00092-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00092-18","article-title":"Investigating colonization of the healthy adult gastrointestinal tract by fungi","volume":"3","author":"Auchtung","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.03.014","article-title":"Identification of genetic markers of resistance to echinocandins, azoles and 5-fluorocytosine in Candida glabrata by next-generation sequencing: A feasibility study","volume":"23","author":"Biswas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myae009","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae009","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of vaginal Candida glabrata isolates in Namibia","volume":"62","author":"Dunaiski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, C., Marcelino, V.R., Van Hal, S., Halliday, C., Martinez, E., Wang, Q., Kidd, S., Kennedy, K., Marriott, D., and Morrissey, C.O. (2018). Whole genome sequencing of Australian Candida glabrata isolates reveals genetic diversity and novel sequence types. Front. Microbiol., 9, Erratum in: Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 2218.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02218"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szarvas, J., Rebelo, A.R., Bortolaia, V., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Schr\u00f8der Hansen, D., Nielsen, H.L., N\u00f8rskov-Lauritsen, N., Kemp, M., R\u00f8der, B.L., and Frimodt-M\u00f8ller, N. (2021). Danish whole-genome-sequenced Candida albicans and Candida glabrata samples fit into globally prevalent clades. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110962"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2217948119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2217948119","article-title":"Drug-resistant fungi on the rise","volume":"119","author":"McDermott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, D.Z.P., and Schwartz, I.S. (2019). Emerging fungal infections: New patients, new patterns, and new pathogens. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030067"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granada, M., Cook, E., Sherlock, G., and Rosenzweig, F. (2024). Microbe Profile: Candida glabrata\u2014A master of deception. Microbiology, 170.","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001518"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"648","article-title":"The first reported case of colonic infection caused by Candida glabrata","volume":"111","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.39.229","article-title":"Analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Candida albicans that developed resistance during antifungal therapy","volume":"39","author":"Mori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1258-1263.2001","article-title":"Electrophoretic karyotype analysis of sequential Candida parapsilosis isolates from patients with persistent or pecurrent fungemia","volume":"39","author":"Shin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000335","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and molecular epidemiology of late recurrent candidemia, and implications for management","volume":"19","author":"Clancy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1086\/516319","article-title":"Management of candidal thrombophlebitis of the central veins: Case report and review","volume":"26","author":"Benoit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Cai, L., Bilal, H., Khan, M.N., Fang, W., Zhang, D., Yao, F., Wang, X., Wang, Q., and Hou, B. (2025). An 11-Year retrospective analysis of candidiasis epidemiology, risk factors, and antifungal susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital in China. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92100-x"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"mgen001047","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of human candidaemia isolates in a tertiary hospital","volume":"9","author":"Chew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyrpasopoulou, A., Zarras, C., Mouloudi, E., Vakalis, G., Ftergioti, A., Kouroupis, D., Papathanasiou, A.I., Iosifidis, E., Goumperi, S., and Lampada, C. (2025). Changing epidemiology of Candida spp. causing bloodstream infections in a tertiary hospital in Northern Greece: Appearance of Candida auris. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020161"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, J.C. (2021). Fungi of the human gut microbiota: Roles and significance. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151490"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.438-440.2005","article-title":"Effect of parenteral antibiotic administration on establishment of intestinal colonization by Candida glabrata in adult mice","volume":"49","author":"Pultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05947-11","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure as a risk factor for fluconazole-resistant Candida bloodstream infection","volume":"56","author":"Krieger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"4","article-title":"Genetic relatedness analysis of yeast-like fungal strains isolated from patients with total parenteral nutrition support","volume":"4b","author":"Sikora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Nauk Medycznych"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140099","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata strains isolated from intensive care unit patients in Poland","volume":"109","author":"Paluchowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2016.03.005","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Candida isolates from intensive care unit patients, Krakow, Poland","volume":"34","author":"Paluchowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"207","article-title":"Molecular typing of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata isolates from patients hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit","volume":"17","author":"Tokarczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mikologia Lekarska"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy151","article-title":"High diversity of Candida glabrata in a tertiary hospital-Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"57","author":"Mushi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.592153","article-title":"Bloodstream and non-invasive isolates of Candida glabrata have similar population structures and fluconazole susceptibilities","volume":"50","author":"Lott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00783-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00783-20","article-title":"Genetic basis of azole and echinocandin resistance in clinical Candida glabrata in Japan","volume":"64","author":"Khalifa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47239-0","article-title":"One year prospective survey of Candida bloodstream infections in Scotland","volume":"56","author":"Odds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iyac031","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyac031","article-title":"Population genetics and microevolution of clinical Candida glabrata reveals recombinant sequence types and hyper-variation within mitochondrial genomes, virulence genes, and drug targets","volume":"221","author":"Helmstetter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00446-x","article-title":"Genetic diversity assessed using PFGE, MLP and MLST in Candida spp. candidemia isolates obtained from a Brazilian hospital","volume":"52","author":"Canela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.11.027","article-title":"Patterns of genomic variation in the opportunistic Pathogen Candida glabrata suggest the existence of mating and a secondary association with humans","volume":"28","author":"Ksiezopolska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00328-16","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00328-16","article-title":"Draft Genome sequences of Candida glabrata isolates 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B","volume":"5","author":"Gaustad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"e01876-18","article-title":"MSH2 gene point mutations are not antifungal resistance markers in Candida glabrata","volume":"63","author":"Agnelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01900-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01900-18","article-title":"ERG6 and ERG2 are major targets conferring reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B in Clinical Candida glabrata Isolates in Kuwait","volume":"63","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.03.003","article-title":"Evaluation of the DiversiLab\u00ae automated repetitive sequence-based PCR system for the characterization of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata isolates","volume":"28","author":"Sasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healey, K.R., Jimenez Ortigosa, C., Shor, E., and Perlin, D.S. (2016). Genetic drivers of multidrug resistance in Candida glabrata. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01995"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01763-15","article-title":"Posttreatment antifungal resistance among colonizing Candida isolates in candidemia patients: Results from a systematic multicenter study","volume":"60","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"001179","article-title":"Population genomic analyses reveal high diversity, recombination and nosocomial transmission among Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata) isolates causing invasive infections","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx030","article-title":"Genotyping of clinical isolates of Candida glabrata from Iran by multilocus sequence typing and determination of population structure and drug resistance profile","volume":"56","author":"Amanloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y.B., Jin, B., Qi, H., Zhang, R., Zhang, X.Y., Yuan, P., Zhao, T.X., Geng, X.H., Zhang, M., and Zheng, J.L. (2018). Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients undergoing haemodialysis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34565-7"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.11.002","article-title":"Comparison of Candida albicans strain types among isolates from three countries","volume":"298","author":"Takakura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2025.2461725","article-title":"Prevalence, drug resistance and genetic diversity of Candida glabrata in the reproductive tract of pregnant women in Hainan and comparison with global multilocus sequence data","volume":"1","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Microbiological and molecular investigation of Candida spp. infection among women accessing antenatal care at Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital Anyigba, North-Central Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Okolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbes Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myac029","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac029","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis and asymptomatic vaginal colonization in Portugal: Epidemiology, risk factors and antifungal pattern","volume":"60","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera, E., Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n, M.G., Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro, R., Garc\u00eda-Salazar, E., Arenas, R., Ocharan-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., and Rodr\u00edguez-Cerdeira, C. (2021). Antifungal Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata in Ibero-America. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8010014"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesdachai, S., Yetmar, Z.A., Ranganath, N., Everson, J.J., Wengenack, N.L., and Abu Saleh, O.M. (2023). Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida glabrata from a Referral Center and Reference Laboratory: 2012-2022. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080821"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"18","article-title":"High incidence of azole resistance among Candida albicans and C. glabrata isolates in Northeastern Iran","volume":"7","author":"Zarrinfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S.J., Lv, G., Song, Y.H., Zhao, J.T., Liu, J.Y., Wang, L.L., and Xiang, M.J. (2024). Antifungal susceptibility, mo-lecular epidemiology, and clinical risk factors of Candida glabrata in intensive care unit in a Chinese Tertiary Hospital. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1455145"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asadzadeh, M., Ahmad, S., Al-Sweih, N., and Khan, Z. (2023). Molecular fingerprinting by multi-locus sequence typing identifies microevolution and nosocomial transmission of Candida glabrata in Kuwait. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1242622"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Chen, Y., Chen, J., and Yao, D. (2024). Association of multilocus sequence typing, MSH2 gene mutations, and antifungal resistance in Candida glabrata: Implications for clinical outcomes in Chinese hospitals. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00758-4"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byun, S.A., Won, E.J., Kim, M.N., Lee, W.G., Lee, K., Lee, H.S., Uh, Y., Healey, K.R., Perlin, D.S., and Choi, M.J. (2018). Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Genotypes of Candida glabrata Bloodstream Isolates in Korea: Association With Antifungal Resistance, Mutations in Mismatch Repair Gene (Msh2), and Clinical Outcomes. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01523"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00012-6","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among yeasts of the \u2018Saccharomyces complex\u2019 determined from multigene sequence analyses","volume":"3","author":"Kurtzman","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2025, March 15). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs for Antifungal Agents, Version 11.0, 2024. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org\/astoffungi\/clinicalbreakpointsforantifungals\/."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Suleski, M., Sanderford, M., Sharma, S., and Tamura, K. (2024). MEGA12: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis Version 12 for Adaptive and Green Computing. Mol. Biol. Evol., 41.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:27:42Z","timestamp":1760030862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26094407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26094407","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}