{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:07:36Z","timestamp":1787242056897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["ST\u221201-30024\/0006100\/322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\u221201-30024\/0006100\/322"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the virulence of 36 clinical isolates estimated as blood culture contaminants (BCCs). MALDI-TOF MS classified all isolates as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) with the highest percentage of S. epidermidis (77.78%). All tested strains formed biofilms with greater ability at room temperature than 37 \u00b0C. CoNS were sensitive to vancomycin (0% resistance) and had relatively low resistance to linezolid and rifampicin (8.33 and 22.22% resistance). The highest resistance was observed for penicillin (94.44%). Moreover, we observed the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from the tested CoNS to S. aureus and even to E. coli, although with lower efficiency. CoNS in planktonic form were completely combated by antiseptics after 10 and 60 s exposition, and activity against biofilms was time-dependent. The complete elimination of biofilms was observed after a 180 s exposure to Kodan and CITROclorex, and this exposure to Rivanol and Octenidyne showed still viable cells (&gt;0.9 log CFU\/mL). Our findings showed that a careful selection of antiseptics and extending the exposure time before blood collection can reduce the occurrence of blood culture contamination. However, our most important finding is the indication that CoNS naturally occurring on human skin and mucous membranes exhibit antibiotic resistance, and what is more, determinants of antibiotic resistance are transferred to both closely related Gram-positive bacteria and phylogenetically distant Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, our findings shed new light on CoNS\u2014they indicate the necessity of their control due to the effective transfer of mobile genetic elements harboring antibiotic resistance genes, which may contribute to the spread of resistance genes and deepening the antibiotic crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T11:38:06Z","timestamp":1746531486000},"page":"4424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Determined as Blood Culture Contamination Have High Virulence Characteristic Including Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8850-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Rybak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olesia","family":"Werbowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Debowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2871-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Plotka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0578-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra Maria","family":"Kocot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2022.100219","article-title":"Identification of the main contributors to blood culture contamination at a tertiary care academic medical center","volume":"4","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. 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