{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:31:42Z","timestamp":1789497102997,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz, Poland","award":["503\/1-062-01\/503-11-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-062-01\/503-11-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) is a semi-permeable membrane in physiological conditions, but in pathologies like multiple sclerosis (MS) and ischemic stroke (IS), its permeability increases. In this review, we focus on neutrophils and their interaction with cellular components of the BBB: endothelial cells (EC), pericytes (PC), and astrocytes (AC). Nowadays, neutrophils receive more attention, mostly due to advanced research techniques that show the complexity of their population. Additionally, neutrophils have the ability to secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, which both destroy and restore the BBB. Astrocytes, PCs, and ECs also have dual roles in the pathogenesis of MS and IS. The interaction between neutrophils and cellular components of the BBB provides us with a wider insight into the pathogenesis of common diseases in the central nervous system. Further, we comprehensively review knowledge about the influence of neutrophils on the BBB in the context of MS and IS. Moreover, we describe new therapeutic strategies for patients with MS and IS like cell-based therapies and therapies that use the neutrophil function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T08:20:53Z","timestamp":1746606053000},"page":"4437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Interaction Between Neutrophils and Elements of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in the Context of Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nowaczewska-Kuchta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Ksiazek-Winiarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1305-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Glabinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0563-0","article-title":"Possible Strategies to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"44","author":"Bellettato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3","article-title":"A Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Overview on Structure, Function, Impairment, and Biomarkers of Integrity","volume":"17","author":"Kadry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00075-4","article-title":"Molecules in Focus Cells in Focus: Endothelial Cell","volume":"34","author":"Sumpio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0213-7","article-title":"The Blood\u2013Brain Barrier as an Endocrine Tissue","volume":"15","author":"Banks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.007","article-title":"Vascular Endothelium\u2014Gatekeeper of Vessel Health","volume":"248","author":"Cahill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"183","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Therapy, and Outcome","volume":"1","author":"Hadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2010.04.002","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Cerebral Endothelial Dysfunction: Mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23771","article-title":"An Update on Human Astrocytes and Their Role in Development and Disease","volume":"68","author":"Koontz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840913","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2020.1840913","article-title":"Basic Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Health and Disease: A Brief Overview","volume":"9","author":"Kaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and Pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10333","article-title":"Focal Astrocyte Loss Is Followed by Microvascular Damage, with Subsequent Repair of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Apparent Absence of Direct Astrocytic Contact","volume":"45","author":"Willis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60842","article-title":"Astrocyte-Derived VEGF-A Drives Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in CNS Inflammatory Disease","volume":"122","author":"Argaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhou, J., Han, L., Wu, X., Shi, Y., Cui, W., Zhang, S., Hu, Q., Wang, J., and Bai, H. (2022). The Specific Role of Reactive Astrocytes in Stroke. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.850866"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponath, G., Park, C., and Pitt, D. (2018). The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00217"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sofroniew, M.V. (2015). Astrogliosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020420"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1215\/S1152851705000232","article-title":"The Role of Pericytes in Blood-Vessel Formation and Maintenance","volume":"7","author":"Bergers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.05.023","article-title":"Effects of Hypoxia on Endothelial\/Pericytic Co-Culture Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"123","author":"Hayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.103167dr","article-title":"The Role of Pericytes in Angiogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Ribatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09513","article-title":"Pericytes Are Required for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity during Embryogenesis","volume":"468","author":"Daneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1893-0","article-title":"Targeting Pericytes for Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Disorders","volume":"136","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296505","article-title":"Evidence of Persistent Blood-Brain Barrier Abnormalities in Chronic-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Claudio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0369-4","article-title":"Aberrant oligodendroglial-vascular interactions disrupt the blood-brain barrier, triggering CNS inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, C., and Moreira, P.I. (2018). Oxidative Stress: A Major Player in Cerebrovascular Alterations Associated to Neurodegenerative Events. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00806"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3114","article-title":"Neurovascular Pathways to Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zlokovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.12.001","article-title":"Brain Pericytes As Mediators of Neuroinflammation","volume":"38","author":"Rustenhoven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.05.008","article-title":"The crossroads of neuroinflammation in infectious diseases: Endothelial cells and astrocytes","volume":"28","author":"Combes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1160\/th14-02-0167","article-title":"Protease-activated receptor signaling by coagulation proteases in endothelial cells","volume":"112","author":"Rezaie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Lima, B., Pietronigro, E.C., Terrabuio, E., Zenaro, E., and Constantin, G. (2022). The Role of Neutrophils in the Dysfunction of Central Nervous System Barriers. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.965169"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051342","article-title":"Dystroglycan Is Selectively Cleaved at the Parenchymal Basement Membrane at Sites of Leukocyte Extravasation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"203","author":"Agrawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"685","article-title":"Astrocytes: Integrative Regulators of Neuroinflammation in Stroke and Other Neurological Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurother. J. Am. Soc. Exp. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.11.013","article-title":"Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Ortiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400401","article-title":"Neutrophils Mediate Blood\u2013Spinal Cord Barrier Disruption in Demyelinating Neuroinflammatory Diseases","volume":"193","author":"Chamma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and Regional Mortality from 235 Causes of Death for 20 Age Groups in 1990 and 2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0910538","article-title":"The Paradox of the Neutrophil\u2019s Role in Tissue Injury","volume":"89","author":"Segel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00058-X","article-title":"Loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown in vivo","volume":"86","author":"Bolton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200528143301","article-title":"The Stroke-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: Current Progress of Inspection Technique, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Target","volume":"18","author":"Okada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.245688","article-title":"Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase by N-Acetyl Lysyltyrosylcysteine Amide Reduces Oxidative Stress-Mediated Inflammation, Neuronal Damage, and Neural Stem Cell Injury in a Murine Model of Stroke","volume":"364","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13426","article-title":"Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase at the Peak of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Restores Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Ameliorates Disease Severity","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220706115957","article-title":"Neutrophil Heterogeneity and Its Roles in the Inflammatory Network after Ischemic Stroke","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Weng, Y.C., Chiang, I.C., Huang, Y.T., Liao, Y.C., Chen, Y.C., Kao, C.Y., Liu, Y.L., Lee, T.H., and Chou, W.H. (2020). Neutralization of Lipocalin-2 Diminishes Stroke-Reperfusion Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176253"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.60","article-title":"Diverse Functions of Pericytes in Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation and Ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Priller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2891-16.2016","article-title":"Pericytes as Inducers of Rapid, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Dependent Capillary Damage during Ischemia","volume":"37","author":"Underly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.11.003","article-title":"Mast Cell Activation and Neutrophil Recruitment Promotes Early and Robust Inflammation in the Meninges in EAE","volume":"42","author":"Christy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12147","article-title":"IL-17 and Glutamate Excitotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Kostic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111622","article-title":"Pericytes Support Neutrophil Subendothelial Cell Crawling and Breaching of Venular Walls in Vivo","volume":"209","author":"Proebstl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil, E., Venturini, C., Stirling, D., Turner, C., Tezera, L.B., Ercoli, G., Baker, T., Best, K., Brown, J.S., and Noursadeghi, M. (2022). Pericyte Derived Chemokines Amplify Neutrophil Recruitment across the Cerebrovascular Endothelial Barrier. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.935798"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y.M., Zhang, C.L., Chen, A.Q., Wang, H.L., Zhou, Y.F., Li, Y.N., and Hu, B. (2021). Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy?. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678744"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correale, J., and Farez, M.F. (2015). The Role of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Progression. Front. Neurol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00180"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)79003-7","article-title":"The role of CD4 T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Chitnis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708783330665","article-title":"Modulation of neuro-inflammation and vascular response by oxidative stress following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0483-x","article-title":"Inflammation and Stroke: An Overview","volume":"13","author":"Anrather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200202000-00002","article-title":"TNF-alpha-induced tolerance to ischemic injury involves differential control of NF-kappaB transactivation: The role of NF-kappaB association with p300 adaptor","volume":"22","author":"Ginis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurcau, A., and Simion, A. (2021). Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injuries: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010014"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/325847","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Serum from Mexican Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Ortiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales, C. (2018). Neutrophil: A Cell with Many Roles in Inflammation or Several Cell Types?. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00113"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericson, J.A., Duffau, P., Yasuda, K., Ortiz-Lopez, A., Rothamel, K., Rifkin, I.R., Monach, P.A., Best, A.J., Knell, J., and Goldrath, A. (2014). Gene Expression during the Generation and Activation of Mouse Neutrophils: Implication of Novel Functional and Regulatory Pathways. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108553"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12453","article-title":"Clearance of Apoptotic Neutrophils and Resolution of Inflammation","volume":"273","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.02.001","article-title":"The Diversity of Circulating Neutrophils in Cancer","volume":"222","author":"Mishalian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164023","article-title":"The Multifaceted Functions of Neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"Mayadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.06.005","article-title":"Blood-brain crosstalk: The roles of neutrophils, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps in neuropathologies","volume":"46","author":"Chou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e43","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles of Neutrophils","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolonics, F., Szeifert, V., Tim\u00e1r, C.I., Ligeti, E., and L\u0151rincz, \u00c1.M. (2020). The Functional Heterogeneity of Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reflects the Status of the Parent Cell. Cells, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122718"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.06.017","article-title":"Polarization of Tumor-Associated Neutrophil Phenotype by TGF-\u03b2: \u201cN1\u201d versus \u201cN2\u201d TAN","volume":"16","author":"Fridlender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansores-Espa\u00f1a, L.D., Melgar-Rodr\u00edguez, S., Vernal, R., Carrillo-\u00c1vila, B.A., Mart\u00ednez-Aguilar, V.M., and D\u00edaz-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, J. (2022). Neutrophil N1 and N2 Subsets and Their Possible Association with Periodontitis: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012068"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs123","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Neutrophils: Friend or Foe?","volume":"33","author":"Fridlender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Qiu, L., Li, Z., Wang, X.Y., and Yi, H. (2018). Understanding the Multifaceted Role of Neutrophils in Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02456"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2062","article-title":"The Junctional Adhesion Molecule JAM-C Regulates Polarized Transendothelial Migration of Neutrophils in Vivo","volume":"12","author":"Woodfin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3A0817-327RR","article-title":"CIRP Increases ICAM-1 + Phenotype of Neutrophils Exhibiting Elevated INOS and NETs in Sepsis","volume":"103","author":"Ode","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001257","article-title":"CIRP Induces Neutrophil Reverse Transendothelial Migration in Sepsis","volume":"51","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.016","article-title":"The Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview: Structure, Regulation, and Clinical Implications","volume":"16","author":"Ballabh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-12-844605","article-title":"Neutrophil Transendothelial Migration: Updates and New Perspectives","volume":"133","author":"Filippi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.09.014","article-title":"The Extravasation Cascade Revisited from a Neutrophil Perspective","volume":"19","author":"Schnoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.10.025","article-title":"Neutrophil Rolling at High Shear: Flattening, Catch Bond Behavior, Tethers and Slings","volume":"55","author":"Sundd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018026294","article-title":"Endothelial Signaling by Neutrophil-Released Oncostatin M Enhances P-Selectin\u2013Dependent Inflammation and Thrombosis","volume":"3","author":"Setiadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26752","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902502116","article-title":"Intermittent rolling is a defect of the extravasation cascade caused by Myosin1e-deficiency in neutrophils","volume":"116","author":"Vadillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappenberg, A., Kardell, M., and Zarbock, A. (2022). Selectin-Mediated Signaling\u2014Shedding Light on the Regulation of Integrin Activity in Neutrophils. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081310"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12757","article-title":"Exploring the Complex Role of Chemokines and Chemoattractants in Vivo on Leukocyte Dynamics","volume":"289","author":"David","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1A0416-195R","article-title":"HS1 Deficiency Impairs Neutrophil Recruitment in Vivo and Activation of the Small GTPases Rac1 and Rap1","volume":"101","author":"Latasiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160647","article-title":"Skap2 Is Required for \u03922 Integrin-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment and Functions","volume":"214","author":"Boras","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.018","article-title":"Distinct Compartmentalization of the Chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 and the Atypical Receptor ACKR1 Determine Discrete Stages of Neutrophil Diapedesis","volume":"49","author":"Girbl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500532","article-title":"G\u03b1i2 and G\u03b1i3 Differentially Regulate Arrest from Flow and Chemotaxis in Mouse Neutrophils","volume":"196","author":"Kuwano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-651034","article-title":"Gnb Isoforms Control a Signaling Pathway Comprising Rac1, Plcb2, and Plcb3 Leading to LFA-1 Activation and Neutrophil Arrest in Vivo Key Points","volume":"127","author":"Block","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2019.08.044","article-title":"Human Neutrophils Will Crawl Upstream on ICAM-1 If Mac-1 Is Blocked","volume":"117","author":"Buffone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E16-12-0827","article-title":"Ligand-Specific Binding Forces of LFA-1 and Mac-1 in Neutrophil Adhesion and Crawling","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arokiasamy, S., Zakian, C., Dilliway, J., Wang, W., Nourshargh, S., and Voisin, M.B. (2017). Endogenous TNF\u03b1 Orchestrates the Trafficking of Neutrophils into and within Lymphatic Vessels during Acute Inflammation. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44189"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-010363","article-title":"Rac1 Links Leading Edge and Uropod Events through Rho and Myosin Activation during Chemotaxis","volume":"108","author":"Pestonjamasp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4942","article-title":"ICAM-1 Regulates Neutrophil Adhesion and Transcellular Migration of TNF-\u03b1-Activated Vascular Endothelium under Flow","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080091","article-title":"Caveolin-1 Expression Determines the Route of Neutrophil Extravasation through Skin Microvasculature","volume":"174","author":"Marmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"535","article-title":"Structural Pathways for Macromolecular and Cellular Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier during Inflammatory Conditions. Review","volume":"19","author":"Lossinsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201006052","article-title":"Neutrophil Elastase and Myeloperoxidase Regulate the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"191","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffarzadeh, M., Juenemann, C., Queisser, M.A., Lochnit, G., Barreto, G., Galuska, S.P., Lohmeyer, J., and Preissner, K.T. (2012). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Directly Induce Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Death: A Predominant Role of Histones. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Yang, X., Chatterjee, V., Meegan, J.E., Beard, R.S., and Yuan, S.Y. (2019). Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Vesicles in Regulating Vascular Endothelial Permeability. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01037"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.028589","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Neutrophil Microparticles Reveals Distinct Proteome and Functional Properties","volume":"12","author":"Dalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-016-0043-0","article-title":"The Restorative Role of Annexin A1 at the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"13","author":"McArthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajikumar, A., Long, M.B., Heath, P.R., Wharton, S.B., Ince, P.G., Ridger, V.C., and Simpson, J.E. (2019). Neutrophil-Derived Microvesicle Induced Dysfunction of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205227"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.14.3.331","article-title":"Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Attenuates Neutrophil Adhesion to Endothelium Under Arterial Flow Conditions","volume":"14","author":"Provost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. J. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2648570","article-title":"Endothelial cell gene expression of a neutrophil chemotactic factor by TNF-alpha, LPS, and IL-1 beta","volume":"243","author":"Strieter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03174-6","article-title":"MMPs and ADAMs in neurological infectious diseases and multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Muri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, R.J., and Sharp, F.R. (2016). Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00056"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4391-06.2007","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Gene Knock-out Protects the Immature Brain after Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia","volume":"27","author":"Svedin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14141495","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Myeloperoxidase Immunoradiology Improves Detection of Acute and Chronic Disease in Experimental Model","volume":"275","author":"Pulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25006","article-title":"Inflammatory Arthritis in Caspase 1 Gene-Deficient Mice: Contribution of Proteinase 3 to Caspase 1-Independent Production of Bioactive Interleukin-1\u03b2","volume":"60","author":"Joosten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700263","article-title":"New Insights into the Role of IL-1\u03b2 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"198","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151437","article-title":"Myeloid Cell Transmigration across the CNS Vasculature Triggers IL-1\u00df-Driven Neuroinflammation during Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice","volume":"213","author":"Mailhot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.07.146","article-title":"Involvement of the IL-1 System in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis: Breaking the Vicious Cycle between IL-1\u03b2 and GM-CSF","volume":"62","author":"Mailhot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sienel, R.I., Kataoka, H., Kim, S.W., Seker, F.B., and Plesnila, N. (2022). Adhesion of Leukocytes to Cerebral Venules Precedes Neuronal Cell Death and Is Sufficient to Trigger Tissue Damage After Cerebral Ischemia. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.807658"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.1.95","article-title":"Leukocytosis and resistance to septic shock in intercellular adhesion molecule 1-deficient mice","volume":"180","author":"Gonzalo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8529","article-title":"Inflammatory and immune responses are impaired in mice deficient in intercellular adhesion molecule 1","volume":"90","author":"Sligh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000191","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 Is Increased in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Inhibits Remyelination","volume":"3","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"38","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 in Stroke","volume":"2","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-53","article-title":"Modulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by astrocytes","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Are Induced by Activated Microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770352","article-title":"New Role of Astrocytes in Neuroprotective Mechanisms after Ischemic Stroke","volume":"81","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arquivos Neuro-Psiquiatria."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600064","article-title":"Neutrophils Induce Astroglial Differentiation and Migration of Human Neural Stem Cells via C1q and C3a Synthesis","volume":"199","author":"Hooshmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bondt, M., Hellings, N., Opdenakker, G., and Struyf, S. (2020). Neutrophils: Underestimated Players in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (Ms). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124558"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747442","article-title":"Induced CNS Expression of CXCL1 Augments Neurologic Disease in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis via Enhanced Neutrophil Recruitment","volume":"48","author":"Grist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.207365","article-title":"Inflammasome Activation and Assembly at a Glance","volume":"130","author":"Malik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9864-8","article-title":"The Effects of IFN-\u03b2 1a on the Expression of Inflammasomes and Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Proteins in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"54","author":"Noroozi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5524705","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5524705","article-title":"Supplemental N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Limit A1-Specific Astrocyte Polarization via Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Ischemic Stroke in Mice","volume":"2021","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23544","article-title":"Stroke Target Identification Guided by Astrocyte Transcriptome Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Rakers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusova, Z., Hol, E.M., Pekny, M., Kubista, M., and Valihrach, L. (2023). Reactive Astrogliosis in the Era of Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1173200"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patabendige, A., Singh, A., Jenkins, S., Sen, J., and Chen, R. (2021). Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084280"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gou, X., Ying, J., Yue, Y., Qiu, X., Hu, P., Qu, Y., Li, J., and Mu, D. (2020). The Roles of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.600280"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2589-x","article-title":"Interpericyte Tunnelling Nanotubes Regulate Neurovascular Coupling","volume":"585","author":"Quintero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1274","article-title":"Angiogenesis of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Vitro and the Function of Cerebral Pericytes","volume":"16","author":"Ramsauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041402","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.2.4.041402","article-title":"Pericyte Structure and Distribution in the Cerebral Cortex Revealed by High-Resolution Imaging of Transgenic Mice","volume":"2","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Cao, C., Chen, Z., Bankaitis, V., Tzima, E., Sheibani, N., and Burridge, K. (2012). Pericytes Regulate Vascular Basement Membrane Remodeling and Govern Neutrophil Extravasation during Inflammation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045499"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34695-7","article-title":"Neutrophil Breaching of the Blood Vessel Pericyte Layer during Diapedesis Requires Mast Cell-Derived IL-17A","volume":"13","author":"Joulia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600138","article-title":"IL-17 Promotes Neutrophil-Mediated Immunity by Activating Microvascular Pericytes and Not Endothelium","volume":"197","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.06.033","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 Increase Pericyte\/Endothelial Cell Co-Culture Permeability","volume":"132","author":"Kerkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1551","article-title":"Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Promotes Leukocyte Trafficking into the Central Nervous System","volume":"9","author":"Cayrol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02358-x","article-title":"Pericytes as Mediators of Infiltration of Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Kaushik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.007","article-title":"Pericytes Stimulate Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation during CNS Remyelination","volume":"20","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2771","article-title":"A-Kinase Anchor Protein 12 Is Required for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation in Adult White Matter","volume":"36","author":"Maki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cashion, J.M., Young, K.M., and Sutherland, B.A. (2023). How Does Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction Contribute to Multiple Sclerosis?. Neurobiol. Dis., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106028"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16191-y","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Released by Neutrophils Impair Revascularization and Vascular Remodeling after Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J.H., Rempe, T., Whitmire, N., Dunn-Pirio, A., and Graves, J.S. (2022). Therapeutic Advances in Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.824926"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"k4674","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis","volume":"363","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1159\/000525822","article-title":"Treatments in Ischemic Stroke: Current and Future","volume":"85","author":"Mosconi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx154","article-title":"Cell-based therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis","volume":"140","author":"Scolding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511429320","article-title":"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen in multiple sclerosis: The Italian multi-centre experience","volume":"18","author":"Mancardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5867","article-title":"Long-term Outcomes After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Muraro","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307207","article-title":"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: The Swedish experience","volume":"85","author":"Burman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17986","article-title":"Association of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with neurological disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"313","author":"Burt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30169-6","article-title":"Immunoablation and autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: A multicentre single-group phase 2 trial","volume":"388","author":"Atkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1067","article-title":"Transplantation of an acutely isolated bone marrow fraction repairs demyelinated adult rat spinal cord axons","volume":"35","author":"Sasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20126","article-title":"Gliosis and brain remodeling after treatment of stroke in rats with marrow stromal cells","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.02.013","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells as a pharmacological and therapeutic approach to accelerate angiogenesis","volume":"143","author":"Bronckaers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.211","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs): Role as guardians of inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Prockop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20962","article-title":"Bone marrow stromal cells reduce axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laso-Garc\u00eda, F., Ramos-Cejudo, J., Carrillo-Salinas, F.J., Otero-Ortega, L., Feli\u00fa, A., G\u00f3mez-de Frutos, M., Mecha, M., D\u00edez-Tejedor, E., Guaza, C., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M. (2018). Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202590"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suda, S., Nito, C., Yokobori, S., Sakamoto, Y., Nakajima, M., Sowa, K., Obinata, H., Sasaki, K., Savitz, S.I., and Kimura, K. (2020). Recent Advances in Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186718"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03116-3","article-title":"miR-146a-5p-modified hUCMSC-derived exosomes facilitate spinal cord function recovery by targeting neurotoxic astrocytes","volume":"13","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzano, F., Nyberg, S., Giunti, D., Torazza, C., Parodi, B., Bonifacino, T., Usai, C., Kerlero de Rosbo, N., Milanese, M., and Uccelli, A. (2022). Micro-RNAs Shuttled by Extracellular Vesicles Secreted from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Dampen Astrocyte Pathological Activation and Support Neuroprotection in In-Vitro Models of ALS. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233923"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00694-y","article-title":"Functional Dynamics of Neutrophils After Ischemic Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200278","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200278","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Transcriptional Landscape of Neutrophils and Highlights the Role of TREM-1 in EAE","volume":"11","author":"Quan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96882","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.96882","article-title":"ICAM1+ Neutrophils Promote Chronic Inflammation via ASPRV1 in B Cell\u2013Dependent Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"2","author":"Patenaude","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18886","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c07798","article-title":"Neutrophil Nanovesicle Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Enhancing Myelin Clearance by Microglia","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"1272","article-title":"Neutrophil Membrane-Derived Nanovesicles Alleviate Inflammation To Protect Mouse Brain Injury from Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211026770","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals the Transcriptional Landscape in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02447-5","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of the Immune Cell Landscape in the Aged Mouse Brain after Ischemic Stroke","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22973-9","article-title":"The Neutrotime Transcriptional Signature Defines a Single Continuum of Neutrophils across Biological Compartments","volume":"12","author":"Radtke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003505","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003505","article-title":"Shedding Light on Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Bioengineering","volume":"8","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22963","article-title":"Improvement of Neuronal Cell Survival by Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes under Hypoxic and Ischemic Conditions Depends on Prion Protein","volume":"64","author":"Guitart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.06.019","article-title":"Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes Suppress Autophagy and Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Experimental Ischemic Stroke","volume":"382","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.09.027","article-title":"Exosome-Shuttled CircSHOC2 from IPASs Regulates Neuronal Autophagy and Ameliorates Ischemic Brain Injury via the MiR-7670-3p\/SIRT1 Axis","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021272","article-title":"Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes Treated with a Semaphorin 3A Inhibitor Enhance Stroke Recovery via Prostaglandin D2 Synthase","volume":"49","author":"Hira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","article-title":"Lymphocyte\u2013Microglia\u2013Astrocyte Axis in Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"597","author":"Absinta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szpakowski, P., Ksiazek-Winiarek, D., Czpakowska, J., Kaluza, M., Milewska-Jedrzejczak, M., and Glabinski, A. (2023). Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes Differentially Shape T Cells\u2019 Immune Response in MS Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087470"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:28:35Z","timestamp":1760030915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26094437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26094437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}