{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T19:38:09Z","timestamp":1777318689384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnostic algorithm for the demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system remains a work in progress, with the search for the ideal biomarkers ongoing. The so-called \u201cideal\u201d biomarker should ensure the accurate differentiation between the most common demyelinating pathologies of the CNS and between the subtypes of the same pathology (for example, the conversion from relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis to the secondary progressive phenotype). Advances in technology facilitated this research and in the following sections we will comprehensively review most of these, outlining the past, present, and prospects and the impact they had on both diagnosis and therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T11:46:19Z","timestamp":1746618379000},"page":"4455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fluid Biomarkers in Demyelinating Spectrum Disorders: Past, Present, and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anca-Maria","family":"Florea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Nea\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimela-Gabriela","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-5515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia Irene","family":"Davidescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan-Ovidiu","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01217-3","article-title":"The History of Diagnosis and Treatment of MS: A Brief Overview","volume":"22","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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