{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:03:38Z","timestamp":1778180618393,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hand osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and disabling condition, yet its pathogenesis remains less studied than OA in large weight-bearing joints. Emerging genetic, epigenetic, and microbiome research suggests that hand OA might be biologically distinct, involving joint-specific pathways not shared by knee or hip OA. This review integrates genome-wide association studies specific to hand OA, highlighting key molecular contributors such as inflammatory cytokines. These genetic insights, together with emerging data on epigenetic alterations and gut microbial dysbiosis, point to broader systemic and regulatory influences on hand OA onset and progression. We also assess pharmacologic interventions tested in randomized controlled trials that have attempted to target these pathways. While agents such as TNF and IL-6 inhibitors, hydroxychloroquine, and corticosteroids have shown limited success, emerging evidence supports the potential of methotrexate in synovitis-positive general hand OA, platelet-rich plasma in thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) OA, and prolotherapy in interphalangeal (IP) OA. These findings illustrate the persistent gap between mechanistic understanding and therapeutic success. Future work must prioritize multifactorial strategies for addressing pain and translational frameworks that link molecular mechanisms to treatment response. In summary, this review offers an update on hand OA and identifies key opportunities for more targeted and effective therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1746771531000},"page":"4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hand Osteoarthritis: Molecular Mechanisms, Randomized Controlled Trials, and the Future of Targeted Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yemisi D.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Ladd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2003.10.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"12","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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