{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:49:59Z","timestamp":1763988599302,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0171\/DIA\/2015\/44","2017\/27\/N\/NZ3\/02707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0171\/DIA\/2015\/44","2017\/27\/N\/NZ3\/02707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0171\/DIA\/2015\/44","2017\/27\/N\/NZ3\/02707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0171\/DIA\/2015\/44","2017\/27\/N\/NZ3\/02707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex-related differences in the structure and function of the adrenal cortex in mature rats are well recognized, largely driven by the action of sex hormones on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis (HPA). By replacing testosterone or estradiol in gonadectomized rats, we aimed to elucidate the regulation of micro RNA (miRNA) profiles by sex hormones and their role in physiological adrenal function, providing new insights into gene expression modulation in the adrenal gland. This paper focuses on the description of miRNA profiles using the microarray technique. In our study, we observed significant sex differences in miRNA and mRNA expression levels. These differences are as follows: miRNA expression profiles Male C vs. Female C-0 down, 25 up-regulated, while mRNA profiles were 43 down and 27 up-regulated. Moreover, we observed the most significant differences in miRNA profiles between orchiectomized male rats supplemented with testosterone (ORX + T) and ovariectomized female rats treated with estradiol (OVX + E). Furthermore, we described changes in target gene expression and biological processes regulated by miRNAs. The processes most differentially expressed between the ORX + T and OVX + E groups are those related to the metabolism and synthesis of sterol compounds, the positive and negative regulation of metabolic processes in cells, e.g., cholesterol metabolism, response to various external factors, e.g., hormones, regulation of processes related to cell motility. We also identified several miRNAs, such as miR-370, miR-377, and miR-503, that exhibited interesting changes in their expression after testosterone or estradiol replacement. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of adrenal physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T08:20:23Z","timestamp":1746778823000},"page":"4543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Profile of Rat Adrenal microRNAs Induced by Gonadectomy and Testosterone or Estradiol Replacement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7399-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Jopek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Tyczewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Gora, Licealna Street 9, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Blatkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6043-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Olechnowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0150-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Szyszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Stelcer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Ciesi\u00f3\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jopek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwik K.","family":"Malendowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2525-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Ruci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-72-6-947","article-title":"Effects of estradiol on pituitary-adrenal function in male and female rats","volume":"72","author":"Kitay","year":"1963","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytophysiology of the adrenal cortex","volume":"98","author":"Nussdorfer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Malendowicz, L.K. (1994). Cytophysiology of the Mammalian Adrenal Cortex as Related to Sex, Gonadectomy and Gonadal Hormones, The PTPN Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00575.x","article-title":"Sex differences in the HPA axis","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac019","article-title":"History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2064","article-title":"Sex-related gene expression profiles in the adrenal cortex in the mature rat: Microarray analysis with emphasis on genes involved in steroidogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Trejter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jopek, K., Celichowski, P., Szyszka, M., Tyczewska, M., Milecka, P., Malendowicz, L.K., and Rucinski, M. (2017). Transcriptome Profile of Rat Adrenal Evoked by Gonadectomy and Testosterone or Estradiol Replacement. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00026"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.005629","article-title":"The growing catalog of small RNAs and their association with distinct Argonaute\/Piwi family members","volume":"135","author":"Farazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073827","article-title":"A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex","volume":"297","author":"Hutvagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00541-5","article-title":"Both natural and designed micro RNAs can inhibit the expression of cognate mRNAs when expressed in human cells","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2780503","article-title":"Sequence requirements for micro RNA processing and function in human cells","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1064703","article-title":"siRNAs can function as miRNAs","volume":"17","author":"Doench","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamanu, T.K., Radovanovic, A., Archer, J.A., and Bajic, V.B. (2013). Exploration of miRNA families for hypotheses generation. Sci. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02940"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2013.12.007","article-title":"miRClassify: An advanced web server for miRNA family classification and annotation","volume":"45","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt112","article-title":"Large scale chromosomal mapping of human microRNA structural clusters","volume":"41","author":"Mathelier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.09.005","article-title":"Experimental validation of miRNA targets","volume":"44","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-0229(08)60044-3","article-title":"A brief review on the mechanisms of miRNA regulation","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1804410","article-title":"MicroRNAs, macrocontrol: Regulation of miRNA processing","volume":"16","author":"Durmus","year":"2010","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.05.025","article-title":"Analytical aspects of microRNA in diagnostics: A review","volume":"699","author":"Rodicio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0059-1","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and its crosstalk with other cellular pathways","volume":"20","author":"Treiber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1256","article-title":"Reexamining assumptions about miRNA-guided gene silencing","volume":"50","author":"Kilikevicius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2621","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Key regulators of stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Gangaraju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1443.009","article-title":"MicroRNAs and their emerging roles in immunology","volume":"1143","author":"Pauley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0361206","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in haemopoiesis, heart hypertrophy and cancer","volume":"36","author":"Fontana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.07.001","article-title":"MicroRNAs in neurodegeneration","volume":"18","author":"Bushati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazmierczak, D., Jopek, K., Sterzynska, K., Ginter-Matuszewska, B., Nowicki, M., Rucinski, M., and Januchowski, R. (2020). The Significance of MicroRNAs Expression in Regulation of Extracellular Matrix and Other Drug Resistant Genes in Drug Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072619"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazmierczak, D., Jopek, K., Sterzynska, K., Nowicki, M., Rucinski, M., and Januchowski, R. (2022). The Profile of MicroRNA Expression and Potential Role in the Regulation of Drug-Resistant Genes in Cisplatin- and Paclitaxel-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010526"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulcenty, K., Wroblewska, J.P., Rucinski, M., Kozlowska, E., Jopek, K., and Suchorska, W.M. (2019). MicroRNA Profiling During Neural Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153651"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-009-9188-5","article-title":"MicroRNA function in cancer: Oncogene or a tumor suppressor?","volume":"28","author":"Shenouda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2174\/2211536608666190919161849","article-title":"MicroRNAs Determining Carcinogenesis by Regulating Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes During Cell Cycle","volume":"9","author":"Fasoulakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"MicroRNA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14622","article-title":"Role of Oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes in Carcinogenesis: A Review","volume":"40","author":"Kontomanolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherradi, N. (2015). microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Cancer: Progress and Challenges. Front. Endocrinol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00195"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.12.011","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors","volume":"456","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2015.02.007","article-title":"Adrenocortical carcinoma: Review of the pathologic features, production of adrenal steroids, and molecular pathogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000487995","article-title":"Human Adrenal Cortex: Epigenetics and Postnatal Functional Zonation","volume":"89","author":"Baquedano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1116-2366","article-title":"MicroRNAs and Adrenocortical Tumors: Where do we Stand on Primary Aldosteronism?","volume":"52","author":"Tombol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-19-0105","article-title":"The role of miRNAs in regulating adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Azhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154690","article-title":"The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma\u2014A focus on signaling pathways interplay","volume":"248","author":"Midan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.06.022","article-title":"MiR-34a and miR-483-5p are candidate serum biomarkers for adrenocortical tumors","volume":"154","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0051","article-title":"Serum miR-483-5p and miR-195 are predictive of recurrence risk in adrenocortical cancer patients","volume":"20","author":"Chabre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Shen, W.J., Cortez, Y., Tang, X., Liu, L.F., Kraemer, F.B., and Azhar, S. (2013). Hormonal regulation of microRNA expression in steroid producing cells of the ovary, testis and adrenal gland. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078040"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01102","article-title":"MicroRNA-24 is a novel regulator of aldosterone and cortisol production in the human adrenal cortex","volume":"62","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1686","article-title":"Microribonucleic acid-21 increases aldosterone secretion and proliferation in H295R human adrenocortical cells","volume":"149","author":"Romero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0011","article-title":"Regulation of adrenal and ovarian steroidogenesis by miR-132","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36777-0","article-title":"The influence of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on urinary bladder function in rats","volume":"148","author":"Longhurst","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90257-8","article-title":"Effects of gonadectomy and steroid treatment on renal prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase activity in the rat","volume":"40","author":"Cagen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44543-7","article-title":"Comparison of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in serum after injection of testosterone enanthate of testosterone cypionate","volume":"33","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link, J.C., Hasin-Brumshtein, Y., Cantor, R.M., Chen, X., Arnold, A.P., Lusis, A.J., and Reue, K. (2017). Diet, gonadal sex, and sex chromosome complement influence white adipose tissue miRNA expression. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3484-1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.621565","article-title":"Gonadotrope-specific deletion of Dicer results in severely suppressed gonadotropins and fertility defects","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noutsios, G.T., Thorenoor, N., Zhang, X., Phelps, D.S., Umstead, T.M., Durrani, F., and Floros, J. (2017). SP-A2 contributes to miRNA-mediated sex differences in response to oxidative stress: Pro-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant pathways are involved. Biol. Sex Differ., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0158-2"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2023.8516","article-title":"Recent findings on miR-370 expression, regulation and functions in cancer (Review)","volume":"49","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Li, X., Zhang, S., Wu, S., Xiao, Q., Gu, Y., Guo, X., Lin, X., Chen, L., and Zhao, Y. (2021). miR-370-3p Regulates Adipogenesis through Targeting Mknk1. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226926"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149084","article-title":"Maternally derived low glucocorticoid mediates adrenal developmental programming alteration in offspring induced by dexamethasone","volume":"797","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29553","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29553","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profile predicts prognosis of pediatric adrenocortical tumors","volume":"69","author":"Veronez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-11-0082","article-title":"The role of microRNA deregulation in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Ozata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25724","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling of adrenocortical tumors reveals miR-483 as a marker of malignancy","volume":"117","author":"Patterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49191","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16788","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing reveals microRNA markers of adrenocortical tumors malignancy","volume":"8","author":"Koperski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blatkiewicz, M., Kaminski, K., Szyszka, M., Al-Shakarchi, Z., Olechnowicz, A., Stelcer, E., Komarowska, H., Tyczewska, M., Klimont, A., and Karczewski, M. (2023). The Enhanced Expression of ZWILCH Predicts Poor Survival of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Patients. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041233"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7684","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1587","article-title":"miR-195 and miR-483-5p Identified as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Adrenocortical Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Soon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24665","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic role of SF1, IGF2, Ki67, p53, adiponectin, and leptin receptors in human adrenal cortical tumors","volume":"116","author":"Babinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.09.042","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor system on adrenocortical tumorigenesis","volume":"351","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65525","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19118","article-title":"New insights in the clinical and translational relevance of miR483-5p in adrenocortical cancer","volume":"8","author":"Salvianti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasiak, P., Kazmierczak, D., Jopek, K., Nowicki, M., Rucinski, M., and Januchowski, R. (2022). The Profile of MicroRNA Expression and Potential Role in the Regulation of Drug-Resistant Genes in Doxorubicin and Topotecan Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105846"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg405","article-title":"affy\u2014Analysis of Affymetrix GeneChip data at the probe level","volume":"20","author":"Gautier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn647","article-title":"arrayQualityMetrics\u2014A bioconductor package for quality assessment of microarray data","volume":"25","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Gentleman, R. (2024, December 12). The Genefilter: Methods for Filtering Genes from Microarray Experiments. Available online: https:\/\/www.bioconductor.org\/packages\/devel\/bioc\/manuals\/genefilter\/man\/genefilter.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Dawson, C. (2024, December 12). ggprism: A \u2018ggplot2\u2019 Extension Inspired by \u2018GraphPad Prism\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/csdaw.github.io\/ggprism\/articles\/ggprism.html."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Kassambara, A., and Mundt, F. (2024, December 12). Factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. R Package Version 1.0.7. Available online: https:\/\/rpkgs.datanovia.com\/factoextra\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Pajak, M., and Simpson, T.I. (2024, December 12). miRNAtap: microRNA Targets\u2014Aggregated Predictions. R Package Version 1.40.0. Available online: https:\/\/bioconductor.org\/packages\/release\/bioc\/html\/miRNAtap.html."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis, G., Sherman, B.T., Hosack, D.A., Yang, J., Gao, W., Lane, H.C., and Lempicki, R.A. (2003). DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. Genome Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-5-p3"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jopek, K., Tyczewska, M., Celichowski, P., Malendowicz, L.K., and Rucinski, M. (2018). Transcriptome Profile in Unilateral Adrenalectomy-Induced Compensatory Adrenal Growth in the Rat. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041111"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt487","article-title":"RDAVIDWebService: A versatile R interface to DAVID","volume":"29","author":"Fresno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxw030","article-title":"Weighted false discovery rate controlling procedures for clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Benjamini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw313","article-title":"Complex heatmaps reveal patterns and correlations in multidimensional genomic data","volume":"32","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Huber, W., and Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:30:06Z","timestamp":1760031006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26104543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26104543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]}}}