{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:41:37Z","timestamp":1792597297818,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease, heart failure, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by heart dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertension, is triggered by various mechanisms, including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation. At the cellular level, increased insulin resistance leads to an imbalance in lipid and glucose metabolism, causing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This disrupts normal heart function, leading to fibrosis, hypertrophy, and cardiac remodeling. In diabetic patients, the excessive accumulation of fatty acids, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and other metabolic disturbances further contribute to endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory responses. This inflammatory environment promotes structural damage, apoptosis, and calcium-handling abnormalities, resulting in heart failure. Additionally, diabetes increases the risk of arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, which worsens cardiac outcomes. New insights into these molecular mechanisms have led to improvements in diabetes management, focusing on mitigating complications and understanding the cellular processes involved. Recent therapeutic advances, such as SGLT-2 inhibitors, have shown promise in addressing the energy imbalance and cardiac dysfunction seen in diabetic cardiomyopathy, offering new hope for better cardiovascular outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T09:56:19Z","timestamp":1746784579000},"page":"4548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes-Related Heart Disease and Therapeutic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German Camilo","family":"Giraldo-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Doctorate Program, Cardiology, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5942-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Roman-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Endocrinology Department, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1928-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Ca\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Valle del Lili, Cali 760031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, AA 97, La Julita, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 10. 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