{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:19:33Z","timestamp":1774556373704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, (UDEFA), Mexico City, Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/C-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, (UDEFA), Mexico City, Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/C-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, (UDEFA), Mexico City, Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C32-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C32-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/C-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/C-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016928","name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C32-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C32-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas","award":["2022\/C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/C-015"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas","award":["2022\/C-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/C-015"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas","award":["C32-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C32-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with various symptoms, and some patients develop post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). Vitamin D has shown therapeutic potential in COVID-19 and may offer benefits for PCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences associated with two supplementation strategies (bolus and daily) on interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and clinical outcomes in PCC patients, regardless of whether target 25 (OH) D levels reached the ideal range. We conducted a self-controlled study in which 54 participants with PCC were supplemented with vitamin D3 (n = 28 bolus and n = 26 daily) for 2 months. Blood samples were collected to measure IL-6 levels and GPx activity using spectrophotometric methods. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess mental function. Both bolus and daily vitamin D supplementation were significantly associated with increased GPx activity and decreased IL-6 levels. Daily supplementation was additionally associated with a significant reduction in anxiety and depression scores. However, neither regimen was associated with improvements in cough, dyspnea, or fatigue. These findings suggest a potential association between vitamin D supplementation and improvements in antioxidant and neuropsychiatric parameters in PCC, possibly mediated by its immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. Further placebo-controlled trials are warranted to determine whether these observed associations reflect causal relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T10:58:07Z","timestamp":1747047487000},"page":"4582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of Vitamin D Supplementation with Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity, Interleukine-6 (IL-6) Levels, and Anxiety and Depression Scores in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Ignacio-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ej\u00e9rcito y Fuerza A\u00e9rea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7414-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Bandala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Chavez-Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2825-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivette","family":"Buendia-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibr\u00f3ticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"P\u00e9rez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibr\u00f3ticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Zobeida","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibr\u00f3ticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denilson Xipe","family":"Pacheco-Tob\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibr\u00f3ticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saray","family":"Quintero-Fabi\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ej\u00e9rcito y Fuerza A\u00e9rea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Vargas-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ej\u00e9rcito y Fuerza A\u00e9rea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Carrasco-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de la Escuela Militar de Medicina, Universidad del Ej\u00e9rcito y Fuerza A\u00e9rea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramc\u00e9s","family":"Falf\u00e1n-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin Alexis","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2095-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00fal","family":"G\u00f3mez-Manzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7950-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ortega-Cuellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredy","family":"Ignacio-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11200, 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