{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:36:56Z","timestamp":1792449416157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]],"date-time":"2025-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental factors and genetic predisposition interact to induce an autoimmune response against pancreatic \u03b2-cells. Vitamin D promotes immune tolerance through immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions. The aim of this study is to provide a narrative review about the association between vitamin D status in the pathogenesis of T1DM and the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of T1DM. Although vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent in children\/adolescents with new-onset T1DM than in healthy individuals, there does not appear to be an association between vitamin D status before diagnosis and the onset of T1DMD later in life. The results of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy have, at best, a positive short-term effect in newly diagnosed T1DM patients. Intervention studies have been conducted in the clinical phase of T1DM, but it would be desirable to do so in the early stages of the autoimmune process (pre-diabetes).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T10:58:07Z","timestamp":1747047487000},"page":"4593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodoro","family":"Dur\u00e1-Trav\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Avenue Irunlarrea, 4, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidel","family":"Gallinas-Victoriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Navarra University Hospital, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4763-3","article-title":"Trends and cyclical variation in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in 26 European centres in the 25 year period 1989\u20132013: A multicentre prospective registration study","volume":"62","author":"Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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