{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:16:48Z","timestamp":1784204208510,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-019-074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-019-074"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-309-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-309-001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CMFHR111140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMFHR111140"]}]},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center","award":["NSTC 112-2221-E-019-074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2221-E-019-074"]}]},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-309-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-309-001"]}]},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center","award":["CMFHR111140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMFHR111140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types diagnosed in older men. Investigations into traditional medicines like Rosmarinus officinalis L., popularly known as rosemary, are a current research interest due to its anti-cancer properties. This study investigates the cytotoxicity of aqueous and ethanolic rosemary leaf extracts in DU-145 cells and the interaction of its active metabolites with key prostate cancer targets using an in silico approach. The water extract of rosemary leaves showed greater cytotoxicity than the ethanol extract, with IC50 values of 1.4140 \u00b1 0.1138 mg\/mL and 1.8666 \u00b1 0.0367 mg\/mL, respectively; the highest cytotoxic effects for both extracts were observed at 5 mg\/mL. These findings indicate significant cytotoxic differences based on concentration and solvent. Network pharmacology identified 37 genes linked to prostate adenocarcinoma, highlighting key genes like EGFR, TP53, ERBB2, IGFBP3, MMP-2, MMP-9, HDAC6, PDGFRB, and FGFR1. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding energy calculations revealed strong interactions between carnosol and rosmarinic acid with these targets, with TP53\u2013carnosol showing the most stable conformation. Rosmarinic acid was identified as a promising candidate due to its low toxicity. This study demonstrates the potential anti-prostate cancer properties of rosemary leaf extracts for further investigations on the development of drugs against prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T06:40:23Z","timestamp":1747118423000},"page":"4650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Potential Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Samantha Franchette B.","family":"Austria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Map\u00faa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mon-Juan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathlia A.","family":"De Castro-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Map\u00faa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6873-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pang-Hung","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4225-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Yang","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven Kuan-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Wei","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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