{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:26:41Z","timestamp":1782858401297,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FND167283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FND167283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Campylobacter spp. is one of the most prevalent causes of zoonotic foodborne infections associated with diarrhea in humans. The growing threat of antibiotic resistance calls for innovative approaches. The antimicrobial lipopeptide brevibacillin produced by Brevibacillus laterosporus and its synthetic analog brevibacillin Thr1 showed promising activity against Salmonella and E. coli. The latter is a 1602.13 Da positively charged (+3) synthetic peptide of 13 residues that showed reduced cytotoxicity (IC50 of 32.2 \u00b5g\/mL against Caco-2 cells) and hemolytic activity (1.2% hemolysis at 128 \u00b5g\/mL) compared to the native peptide. It contains an N-terminal L-isoleucic fatty acid chain and four non-proteinogenic amino acids and ends with valinol at its C-terminus. One key structural modification is the substitution of \u03b1,\u03b2-dehydrobutyric acid with threonine. We investigated the antimicrobial potential of the synthetic brevibacillin Thr1 analog against a collection of 44 clinical Campylobacter spp. that were obtained from two reference laboratories. Susceptibility testing revealed marked resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ampicillin among the strains, with more than half expressing a multidrug-resistant phenotype. The genomes of the 44 strains were sequenced to study the genes responsible for their antimicrobial resistance. Tetracycline resistance was associated with tet(O), ciprofloxacin resistance with mutations in gyrA and regulatory sequences modulating the expression of an efflux system, and aminoglycoside resistance with genes of the aph family. The brevibacillin Thr1 analog was produced by chemical synthesis, and evaluation of its activity against a subset of clinical strains by microdilution revealed minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 8 \u00b5g\/mL to 64 \u00b5g\/mL. The peptide was active against multidrug-resistant isolates with a bactericidal effect. Of note, despite numerous attempts, it proved impossible to select Campylobacter spp. for resistance to the brevibacillin Thr1 analog. These results underline the potential of lipopeptides, notably brevibacillin, as antimicrobial alternatives against antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T09:26:48Z","timestamp":1747128408000},"page":"4657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of a Synthetic Brevibacillin Analog Against Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Khaled","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Qu\u00e9bec et D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0E8, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9544-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Fliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0E8, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Laval et Laboratoire de Chimie M\u00e9dicale, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Phuong","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Qu\u00e9bec et D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-7550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis David","family":"Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Laval et Laboratoire de Chimie M\u00e9dicale, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Gingras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Qu\u00e9bec et D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7448-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Godin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Qu\u00e9bec et D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Leprohon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Qu\u00e9bec et D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8030-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Biron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Laval et Laboratoire de Chimie M\u00e9dicale, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Fliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ouellette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Qu\u00e9bec et D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2021, November 17). Antimicrobial Resistance: WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12870","article-title":"Knowledge gaps in control of Campylobacter for prevention of campylobacteriosis","volume":"65","author":"Hansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.12.020","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of Campylobacter in agri-food surveillance","volume":"39","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215928","article-title":"A strain comparison of Campylobacter isolated from retail poultry and human clinical cases in Atlantic Canada","volume":"14","author":"Hodges","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002027","article-title":"Stool submission data to help inform population-level incidence rates of enteric disease in a Canadian community","volume":"143","author":"Franklin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.13096","article-title":"Temporal, spatial and space\u2013time distribution of infections caused by five major enteric pathogens, Ontario, Canada, 2010\u20132017","volume":"71","author":"John","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-1366612","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni meningitis in a neonate: A rare case report","volume":"6","author":"Tsoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neonatal-Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00681","article-title":"Campylobacter fetus thyroid gland abscess in a young immunocompetent woman","volume":"19","author":"Araj","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02900.x","article-title":"Bacteraemia as a result of Campylobacter species: A population-based study of epidemiology and clinical risk factors","volume":"16","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, P., Sourris, A., Tsantes, A.G., and Samonis, G. (2024). Infective Endocarditis by Campylobacter Species\u2014A Narrative Review. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070594"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2018.01.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter species: Mechanisms and genomic epidemiology","volume":"Volume 103","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1637\/11072-032315-Review","article-title":"Campylobacter in poultry: Ecology and potential interventions","volume":"59","author":"Sahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812591","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.812591","article-title":"Campylobacter in wild birds: Is it an animal and public health concern?","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.019","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis: The role of poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"Skarp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11951","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11951","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Insights into membrane permeabilization, lipopolysaccharide fragmentation and application in plant disease control","volume":"5","author":"Datta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.582779","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Classification, design, application and research progress in multiple fields","volume":"11","author":"Huan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b04113","article-title":"Discovery of a novel antimicrobial lipopeptide, brevibacillin V, from Brevibacillus laterosporus fmb70 and its application on the preservation of skim milk","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2207","article-title":"Discovery of MRSA active antibiotics using primary sequence from the human microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866525666181026160852","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Recent insights on biotechnological interventions and future perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00198-4","article-title":"Diversity of antimicrobial peptides and their mechanisms of action","volume":"1462","author":"Epand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.017","article-title":"The ecological roles of microbial lipopeptides: Where are we going?","volume":"19","author":"Benaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473050","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/473050","article-title":"Lipopeptides as the antifungal and antibacterial agents: Applications in food safety and therapeutics","volume":"2015","author":"Meena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00315-16","article-title":"Isolation and structural elucidation of brevibacillin, an antimicrobial lipopeptide from Brevibacillus laterosporus that combats drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693725","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.693725","article-title":"Brevibacillin 2V, a novel antimicrobial lipopeptide with an exceptionally low hemolytic activity","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pac\u00edfico, C., W\u00f6sten, M.M., and Hilbert, F. (2023). Low-Level Tetracycline Resistance Gene tet (O)_3 in Campylobacter jejuni. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030426"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02659-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02659-22","article-title":"Whole-genome and plasmid comparative analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from human patients in Toyama, Japan, from 2015 to 2019","volume":"11","author":"Morita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2005.11.40","article-title":"Detection of mutations associated with macrolide resistance in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. by real-time PCR","volume":"11","author":"Vacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MD00612G","article-title":"Synthesis and structure-activity study of the antimicrobial lipopeptide brevibacillin","volume":"15","author":"Fliss","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Babji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02814","article-title":"Human campylobacteriosis: A public health concern of global importance","volume":"5","author":"Igwaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0079","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from dressed beef carcasses and raw milk in Tanzania","volume":"22","author":"Kashoma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01655-08","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactamase-mediated \u03b2-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: Prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel \u03b2-lactamase in C. jejuni","volume":"53","author":"Griggs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100434","article-title":"Genomic characterization of molecular markers associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence of the prevalent Campylobacter coli isolated from retail chicken meat in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"6","author":"Habib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23753","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"4","author":"Iovine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01070-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01070-23","article-title":"Recurrent Campylobacter jejuni Infections with In Vivo Selection of Resistance to Macrolides and Carbapenems: Molecular Characterization of Resistance Determinants","volume":"11","author":"Nunes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3032-6","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profiles among Campylobacter isolates obtained from international travelers between 2007 and 2014","volume":"36","author":"Post","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01014","article-title":"Genetic basis and clonal population structure of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler carcasses in Belgium","volume":"9","author":"Elhadidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2020-0146","article-title":"Rates of fluoroquinolone resistance in domestically acquired Campylobacter jejuni are increasing in people living within a model study location in Canada","volume":"67","author":"Inglis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8394605","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8394605","article-title":"Antimicrobial Usage, Susceptibility Profiles, and Resistance Genes in Campylobacter Isolated from Cattle, Chicken, and Water Samples in Kajiado County, Kenya","volume":"2023","author":"Wanja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammar, A.M., El-Hamid, M.I.A., El-Malt, R.M.S., Azab, D.S., Albogami, S., Al-Sanea, M.M., Soliman, W.E., Ghoneim, M.M., and Bendary, M.M. (2021). Molecular detection of fluoroquinolone resistance among multidrug-, extensively drug-, and pan-drug-resistant Campylobacter species in Egypt. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111342"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.08.017","article-title":"Correlation between antibiotic consumption and resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a teaching hospital implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program: A longitudinal observational study","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e12129","article-title":"Tetracycline resistance genes in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from poultry carcasses","volume":"7","author":"Khoshbakht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340605","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/340605","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among Campylobacter","volume":"2013","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.07.001","article-title":"Distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from broiler chickens in Tunisia","volume":"55","author":"Gharbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662144","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.662144","article-title":"Whole resistome analysis in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli genomes available in public repositories","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513070","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.513070","article-title":"Genomic analysis reveals the genetic determinants associated with antibiotic resistance in the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter spp. distributed globally","volume":"11","author":"Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0013-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekshmi, M., Kumar, S.H., Nayak, B.B., and Varela, M.F. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-Borne Campylobacter spp. Handbook on Antimicrobial Resistance: Current Status. Trends in Detection and Mitigation Measures, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9723-4_16-1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1067-1075.2005","article-title":"CmeR functions as a transcriptional repressor for the multidrug efflux pump CmeABC in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01642","article-title":"Molecular identification of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species from diarrheal patients and poultry meat in Shanghai, China","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00439-6","article-title":"Significant contribution of the CmeABC Efflux pump in high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli clinical isolates","volume":"20","author":"Sharifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0354","article-title":"Contribution of the multidrug efflux transporter CmeABC to antibiotic resistance in different Campylobacter species","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763434","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.763434","article-title":"Resistance to antibiotics in thermophilic Campylobacters","volume":"8","author":"Tambur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1021\/cb400577b","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of and resistance to small molecule inhibitors of the ClpP peptidase","volume":"8","author":"Compton","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2016.138","article-title":"Bacterial proteases, untapped antimicrobial drug targets","volume":"70","author":"Culp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2011.07.047","article-title":"Development and characterization of improved \u03b2-lactone-based anti-virulence drugs targeting ClpP","volume":"20","author":"Zeiler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, K., Chakraborty, S., Chen, R., Willcox, M.D., Black, D.S., Walsh, W.R., and Kumar, N. (2020). A new era of antibiotics: The clinical potential of antimicrobial peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197047"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.10.009","article-title":"Structure, membrane orientation, mechanism, and function of pexiganan\u2014A highly potent antimicrobial peptide designed from magainin","volume":"1788","author":"Gottler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.03.030","article-title":"LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"1758","author":"Sudheendra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11398-5","article-title":"The determination of antibacterial mode for cationic lipopeptides brevibacillins against Salmonella typhimurium by quantum chemistry calculation","volume":"105","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.12.003","article-title":"AMPed up immunity: How antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense","volume":"30","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1021\/bm2009697","article-title":"Antibacterial surfaces based on polymer brushes: Investigation on the influence of brush properties on antimicrobial peptide immobilization and antimicrobial activity","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"EUCAST (2024, May 10). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 14.0. 2024. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"CLSI (2024, May 10). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria. CLSI Supplement M45. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/shop\/standards\/m45\/."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595","article-title":"BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level","volume":"11","author":"Jolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw493","article-title":"plasmidSPAdes: Assembling plasmids from whole genome sequencing data","volume":"32","author":"Antipov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4588","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4588","article-title":"PlasmidSeeker: Identification of known plasmids from bacterial whole genome sequencing reads","volume":"6","author":"Roosaare","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"D517","article-title":"CARD 2020: Antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"48","author":"Alcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"D606","article-title":"The PATRIC Bioinformatics Resource Center: Expanding data and analysis capabilities","volume":"48","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab335","article-title":"antiSMASH 6.0: Improving cluster detection and comparison capabilities","volume":"49","author":"Blin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","article-title":"Seaborn: Statistical data visualization","volume":"6","author":"Waskom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4657\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:31:59Z","timestamp":1760031119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26104657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26104657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]}}}