{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:24:40Z","timestamp":1791491080746,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a Type 2 inflammatory disease associated with a significant burden on quality of life. While biological therapies have shown efficacy in randomized controlled trials, data on long-term real-world outcomes remain limited. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the clinical efficacy, safety, and treatment dynamics of biologics, particularly anti-IL-4 (dupilumab), over a five-year period at a tertiary medical center. Fifty-two patients with CRSwNP meeting the EPOS\/EUFOREA eligibility criteria were included. Clinical parameters, including nasal polyp score, SNOT-22, and olfactory function, were assessed across follow-up intervals. Anti-IL-4 therapy demonstrated the most consistent and sustained improvements in all clinical parameters, with a significant proportion of patients maintaining response beyond 36 months. A subset of patients underwent interval extension of dupilumab injections without loss of efficacy. Subdomain analysis of the SNOT-22 questionnaire revealed improvements predominantly in nasal and emotional domains. Treatment response, assessed according to the EUFOREA criteria, favored anti-IL-4 over anti-IL-5 and anti-IgE. Side effects were infrequent and mostly mild. These findings support the durable effectiveness of biologics in real-world CRSwNP management and suggest that tapering down the injection intervals may be a feasible strategy for selected patients. Further studies are needed to refine treatment response definitions and optimize patient-specific therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:27:41Z","timestamp":1747218461000},"page":"4694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Long-Term Real-World Outcomes and Insights of Biologic Therapies in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7988-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reut","family":"Book","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lazutkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Eliashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1815682","article-title":"Systematic literature review of the epidemiology and clinical burden of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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