{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:32:21Z","timestamp":1790793141750,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus are interconnected in a bidirectional relationship, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a key periodontal pathogen, has been implicated in both conditions. This study investigates the association between antibody responses to P. gingivalis and the coexistence of periodontitis and diabetes, aiming to explore its potential as a biomarker for early screening. The developed enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyse in a pilot study the serum of subjects with periodontitis (n = 26), subjects with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 15), and healthy individuals (n = 13) for immunoglobulin (Ig)G- and IgM-antibody titres against FimA. A statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) between the IgG titres of the three study groups was observed. Patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus showed the highest IgG titres and thus the highest level of IgG antibodies, followed by periodontitis patients and finally the orally healthy subjects. This study demonstrated the establishment of a reliable and reproducible ELISA for the detection of antibodies against FimA from P. gingivalis W83. In addition, the outcomes of this study can be used to develop a screening assay that can indicate existing periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus based on IgG antibody titres against FimA from P. gingivalis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:10:44Z","timestamp":1747289444000},"page":"4726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serum Antibody Titres Against Porphyromonas gingivalis Fim A in Patients with Periodontitis with and Without Diabetes Mellitus Type 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7508-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Groeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Martin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joerg","family":"Meyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00189.x","article-title":"The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: An introduction","volume":"14","author":"Page","year":"1997","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12104","article-title":"Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of periodontitis","volume":"69","author":"Meyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","article-title":"Periodontitis: From microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","article-title":"Experimental Gingivitis in Man","volume":"36","author":"Loe","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Periodontol. (1930)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873","article-title":"The keystone-pathogen hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00569-09","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis strain diversity","volume":"47","author":"Igboin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enersen, M., Nakano, K., and Amano, A. (2013). Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. J. Oral. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.20265"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00162.x","article-title":"Virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"20","author":"Holt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., He, Y., Zeng, X., Zeng, X., Huang, J., Lin, X., and Chen, J. (2020). Enhanced Human Gingival Fibroblast Response and Reduced Porphyromonas gingivalis Adhesion with Titania Nanotubes. Biomed. Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5651780"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425883","article-title":"Integrin activation by bacterial fimbriae through a pathway involving CD14, Toll-like receptor 2, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase","volume":"35","author":"Harokopakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2004.00719.x","article-title":"Variations of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae in relation to microbial pathogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Amano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M., Petroianu, G., and Adem, A. (2022). Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040542"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1989.60.11.640","article-title":"The glycosylated hemoglobin assay for diabetes: Its value to the periodontist. Two case reports","volume":"60","author":"Piche","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1366278","article-title":"Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","author":"Kerner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06320.x","article-title":"Receptor for AGE (RAGE): Signaling mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications","volume":"1243","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190248","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2019-0248","article-title":"Effect of periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Baeza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12235","article-title":"Periodontal complications of hyperglycemia\/diabetes mellitus: Epidemiologic complexity and clinical challenge","volume":"78","author":"Kocher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"153","article-title":"Two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease: A reality or a paradigm?","volume":"33","author":"Oberti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12808","article-title":"Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.130658","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin G antibodies to periodontal pathogens may be effect modifiers of periodontitis and hyperglycemia","volume":"85","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080474","article-title":"Serum antibodies to periodontal bacteria as diagnostic markers of periodontitis","volume":"80","author":"Dye","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_163_21","article-title":"Detection and comparison of prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis through culture and Real Time-polymerase chain reaction in subgingival plaque samples of chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals","volume":"26","author":"Ingalagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000510979","article-title":"Oral Microbiota and Cancer Development","volume":"88","author":"Tuominen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2021.08.009","article-title":"Generation and functional characterization of recombinant Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 FimA","volume":"340","author":"Groeger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ingram Olkin, H.H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, Stanford University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"54","article-title":"Multiple comparisons among means","volume":"56","author":"Dunn","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2.1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im0201s110","article-title":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays","volume":"110","author":"Hornbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790090501","article-title":"Prevalence of specific genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA and periodontal health status","volume":"79","author":"Amano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kugaji, M., Muddapur, U., Bhat, K., Joshi, V., Manubolu, M., Pathakoti, K., Peram, M.R., and Kumbar, V. (2020). Variation in the Occurrence of fimA Genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Periodontal Health and Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061826"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2742-5_7","article-title":"A Double-Sandwich ELISA for Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies Suitable for Sandwich Immunoassays","volume":"1318","author":"Stanker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennani, M., Range, H., Meuric, V., Mora, F., Bouchard, P., and Carra, M.C. (2020). Shared detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in cohabiting family members: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Oral. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1687398"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290612.x","article-title":"Serum IgG to heat shock proteins and Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens in diabetic patients with periodontitis","volume":"29","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2001.160401.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G response of periodontitis patients to Porphyromonas gingivalis capsular carbohydrate and lipopolysaccharide antigens","volume":"16","author":"Sims","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2100180009","article-title":"Subgingival pathogens in chronic periodontitis patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Montevecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sathe, A., and Cusick, J.K. (2024). Biochemistry, Immunoglobulin M. StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, S.S. (1996). Enzyme Immunoassays: From Concept to Product Develepment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1169-0"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:33:09Z","timestamp":1760031189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26104726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26104726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]}}}