{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:26:48Z","timestamp":1778149608762,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Innovation Foundation (INNOPOLIS)","award":["2710033242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710033242"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairment with amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. Among these pathological features, microglial activation is hallmark of neuroinflammation. Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) extract has been traditionally used for its diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of INO10, an inotodiol-rich chaga extract, in murine BV2 microglial cells and a 3xTg-AD mouse model. In BV2 cells, INO10 significantly reduced LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), indicating its potent anti-inflammatory effects. Oral administration of INO10 significantly improved spatial memory in 3xTg-AD mice, as evidenced by increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test. Furthermore, INO10 treatment attenuated neuroinflammation, as indicated by reduced microglial activation and downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that INO10 exhibited favorable bioavailability, supporting its potential as a neuroprotective agent. Histological analysis further revealed a reduction in Ab accumulation and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus, accompanied by a marked decrease in neuroinflammatory markers. These findings suggest that INO10 effectively mitigates AD-related pathology by reducing A\u03b2 deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to cognitive enhancement. Given its multi-target neuroprotective properties, INO10 may serve as a promising natural compound for AD treatment. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate its precise mechanisms and clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1747292356000},"page":"4729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["INO10, a Chaga Mushroom Extract, Alleviates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Pathology and Cognitive Deficits in 3xTg-AD Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Ban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuong Thi","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jang-Won","family":"Pyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minho","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Tae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Calsolaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11813-6","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial calcium efflux contributes to disease progression in models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Jadiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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