{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:24:14Z","timestamp":1790198654864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Specific miRNAs are differentially expressed in patients with IBD compared to healthy individuals. Regulation of their expression can modulate the inflammatory response, the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and intestinal barrier function. miRNAs can regulate the immune and inflammatory response via multiple mechanisms, from Th1\/Th17 regulation and ferroptosis to modulation of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3) and control of the NF-\u03baB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) pathway. The use of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets may help monitor IBD treatment and support the development of new, more individualized therapies that minimize common side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T11:02:27Z","timestamp":1747306947000},"page":"4750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Role of microRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Sokal-Dembowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6896-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Jarmakiewicz-Czaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1845-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Helma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5954-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Clinic, Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Inflammatory, Bowel Disease Regional Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow, 35-301 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.063","article-title":"Approach to the Management of Recently Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A User\u2019s Guide for Adult and Pediatric Gastroenterologists","volume":"161","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12319","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.013","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"94","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.186","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of IBD: Current state of the art","volume":"13","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvez, V., Puca, P., Di Vincenzo, F., Del Gaudio, A., Bartocci, B., Murgiano, M., Iaccarino, J., Parand, E., Napolitano, D., and Pugliese, D. (2025). Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020305"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarani, R., Shojaeian, A., Palasca, O., Doncheva, N.T., Jensen, L.J., Gorodkin, J., and Pociot, F. (2022). Differentially Expressed miRNAs in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn\u2019s Disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.865777"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0045-7","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA Function in Animals","volume":"20","author":"Gebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab223","article-title":"MicroRNA and Gut Microbiota: Tiny but Mighty-Novel Insights into Their Cross-Talk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Viennois","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"489","article-title":"Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2020","volume":"56","author":"Nakase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"135","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis: An Update","volume":"21","author":"Segal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Clin. Med. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18936","article-title":"Management of Crohn Disease: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Cushing","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac187","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602237","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"31","author":"Stidham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Colon. Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32771","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guidance on Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Bowlus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhang, T., Pan, K., and Wei, H. (2024). Mechanisms and Therapeutic Research Progress in Intestinal Fibrosis. Front. Med. (Lausanne), 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1368977"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab251","article-title":"Immunological Regulation of Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"28","author":"Bamias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00543-0","article-title":"Revisiting Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Gut Thickens","volume":"19","author":"Ungaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2019.08.001","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation and Diagnosis","volume":"99","author":"Flynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2277","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Fibrosis","volume":"214","author":"Wynn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S., Sokal, A., Ferenc, K., Motyka, E., Helma, K., and Filip, R. (2023). The Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation in Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Descending Process or a Programmed Consequence?. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14061167"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab029","article-title":"The Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Europe in 2020","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.003","article-title":"Incidence, Prevalence, and Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States","volume":"165","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-024-04711-x","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 1990-2021: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease 2021","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90529-Y","article-title":"The C. elegans Heterochronic Gene lin-4 Encodes Small RNAs with Antisense Complementarity to lin-14","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25854","article-title":"Interplay Between miRNAs and Human Diseases","volume":"233","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6524-3_1","article-title":"MiRNA Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: An Overview","volume":"1509","author":"Vishnoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3932","article-title":"MicroRNA Biogenesis Pathways in Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-021-00902-w","article-title":"DICER: Structure, Function, and Regulation","volume":"13","author":"Inan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28029","article-title":"Biogenesis and Mechanisms of microRNA-Mediated Gene Regulation","volume":"119","author":"Rani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00edbia, C., Quaglio, A., Oliveira, E., Pereira, J., Ariede, J., Lapa, R., Severino, F., Reis, P., Sassaki, L., and Saad-Hossne, R. (2024). microRNA\u2013mRNA Networks Linked to Inflammation and Immune System Regulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020422"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.954790","article-title":"Immunoregulacja poprzez interferencyjny RNA-mechanizmy, rola, perspektywy [Immunoregulation by interference RNA (iRNA)\u2013mechanisms, role, perspective]","volume":"65","author":"Sikora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59904","article-title":"Roles of microRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G170","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00214.2020","article-title":"Talk About Micromanaging! Role of microRNAs in Intestinal Barrier Function","volume":"319","author":"Engers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.07.005","article-title":"The Involvement of TH17 Cells in the Pathogenesis of IBD","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Bris, R., Saez, A., Herrero-Fernandez, B., Rius, C., Sanchez-Martinez, H., and Gonzalez-Granado, J. (2023). CD4 T-Cell Subsets and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032696"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Liu, L., Du, X., Ma, W., Zhang, J., and Piao, W. (2022). MiRNA-374b-5p and miRNA-106a-5p are Related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease via Regulating IL-10 and STAT3 Signaling Pathways. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02533-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0216-7","article-title":"MicroRNA-219a-5p Suppresses Intestinal Inflammation Through Inhibiting Th1\/Th17-Mediated Immune Responses in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., and Hang, S. (2023). Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosome Shuttling mir-129-5p Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Inhibiting Ferroptosis. J. Nanobiotechnol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01951-x"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, H., Cao, C., Shu, D., Liu, T., and Zhang, T. (2024). The Important Role of Ferroptosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Med. (Lausanne), 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1449037"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1909406","article-title":"How Autophagy Controls the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier","volume":"18","author":"Foerster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i11.1944","article-title":"Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"23","author":"Iida","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.L. (2023). How Autophagy, a Potential Therapeutic Target, Regulates Intestinal Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1087677"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G317","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00291.2023","article-title":"Revitalizing Gut Barrier Integrity: Role of miR-192-5p in Enhancing Autophagy via Rictor in Enteritis","volume":"327","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afzal, O. (2022). Potential Target for the Treatment of Microbial Infections, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, and Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012470"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.06.004","article-title":"Rictor\/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Signaling Protects Colonocytes from Apoptosis and Prevents Epithelial Barrier Breakdown","volume":"191","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Peng, J., Wang, N., Ocansey, D., Zhang, X., and Mao, F. (2024). hucMSC-Ex Alleviates Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice by Enhancing M2-Type Macrophage Polarization via the METTL3-Slc37a2-YTHDF1 Axis. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09921-1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02492-6","article-title":"hucMSC-Derived Exosomes Attenuate Colitis by Regulating Macrophage Pyroptosis via the miR-378a-5p\/NLRP3 Axis","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, Y., and Zhang, H. (2019). NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00276"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i33.4796","article-title":"Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Tourkochristou","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21439","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002622R","article-title":"Therapeutic Implications of Inflammasome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"35","author":"Khatri","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalavino, V., Piccinno, E., and Valentini, A. (2023). miR-369-3p Modulates Intestinal Inflammatory Response via BRCC3\/NLRP3 Inflammasome Axis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12172184"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Mao, X., Chen, D., Yu, B., and He, J. (2022). miRNAs Can Affect Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.868229"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.151","article-title":"miR-148a Inhibits Colitis and Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.09.018","article-title":"Deficiency of miRNA-149-3p Shaped Gut Microbiota and Enhanced Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis","volume":"30","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108318","article-title":"MicroRNA-497 Inhibits Inflammation in DSS-Induced IBD Model Mice and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Cells via Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathway","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnachaitanya, S., Liu, M., Fujise, K., and Li, Q. (2022). MicroRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158751"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2401429","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401429","article-title":"Human Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells Promote Colonic Recovery in Experimental Colitis via Exosomal MiR-23a-TNFR1-NF-\u03baB Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldars-Garc\u00eda, L., Marin, A., Chaparro, M., and Gisbert, J. (2021). The Interplay Between Immune System and Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063076"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0078324","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00783-24","article-title":"Profiles and Interactions of Gut Microbiome and Intestinal MicroRNAs in Pediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X14547360","article-title":"The Emerging Role of miRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Therap Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000298","article-title":"Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Role of microRNAs as Fibrogenic Modulators, Serum Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"21","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16445","article-title":"MiR-155 Promotes Colitis-Associated Intestinal Fibrosis by Targeting HBP1\/Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signalling Pathway","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12784","article-title":"Tissue and Serum miR-149-3p\/5p in Hospitalized Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Correlation with Disease Severity and Inflammatory Markers","volume":"40","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wade, H., and Pan, K. (2023). Akkermansia muciniphila and Its Membrane Protein Ameliorates Intestinal Inflammatory Stress and Promotes Epithelial Wound Healing via CREBH and miR-143\/145. J. Biomed. Sci., 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00935-1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i12.1644","article-title":"Interaction Between Diet and Genetics in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"30","author":"Magro","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggeletopoulou, I., Kalafateli, M., Tsounis, E., and Triantos, C. (2024). Exploring the Role of IL-1\u03b2 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis. Front. Med. (Lausanne), 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1307394"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394249","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2394249","article-title":"Fecal let-7b and miR-21 Directly Modulate the Intestinal Microbiota, Driving Chronic Inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.09.050","article-title":"Alleviation of Colitis by Honeysuckle MIR2911 via Direct Regulation of Gut Microbiota","volume":"376","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"6310","article-title":"Circulating miRNA-16 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Some Clinical Correlations\u2014A Cohort Study in Bulgarian Patients","volume":"26","author":"Atanassova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00134","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000134","article-title":"MicroRNA-320a Monitors Intestinal Disease Activity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"11","author":"Cordes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2703","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002703","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNA223 is a New Biomarker for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21267","article-title":"Identification of MicroRNAs Associated with Ileal and Colonic Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasseu, M., Tr\u00e9ton, X., Guichard, C., Pedruzzi, E., Cazals-Hatem, D., Richard, C., Aparicio, T., Daniel, F., Soul\u00e9, J.C., and Moreau, R. (2010). Identification of Restricted Subsets of Mature MicroRNA Abnormally Expressed in Inactive Colonic Mucosa of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013160"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"714","article-title":"The Role of MicroRNA in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"6","author":"Dalal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Hu, X., Du, Y., and Du, J. (2021). The Role of miRNAs in Colorectal Cancer Progression and Chemoradiotherapy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111099"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, T., Morishita, A., Kobara, H., and Masaki, T. (2021). The Role of microRNAs in Cholangiocarcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147627"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7295131","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7295131","article-title":"Association of Three Polymorphisms rs11614913, rs2910146, and rs3746444 in miRNA-196a2, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-499 with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12104","article-title":"Identification of Serum and Tissue Micro-RNA Expression Profiles in Different Stages of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"173","author":"Iborra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31822200cc","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNA Is a Biomarker of Pediatric Crohn Disease","volume":"53","author":"Zahm","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saccon, T.D., Dhahbi, J.M., Schneider, A., Nunez Lopez, Y.O., Qasem, A., Cavalcante, M.B., Sing, L.K., Naser, S.A., and Masternak, M.M. (2022). Plasma miRNA Profile of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040508"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz076","article-title":"Differential miRNA Expression in Ileal and Colonic Tissues Reveals an Altered Immunoregulatory Molecular Profile in Individuals with Crohn\u2019s Disease versus Healthy Subjects","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-016-0001-4","article-title":"Relation Between NOD2 Genotype and Changes in Innate Signaling in Crohn\u2019s Disease on mRNA and miRNA Levels","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23418","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202301761R","article-title":"An Altered Expression of miR-376a-3p and miR-20a-5p in Peripheral Blood Exosomes Regulates the Autophagy and Inflammatory Systemic Substrates, and Relates to the Smoking Habit and Age in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"38","author":"Zapater","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112943","article-title":"Focusing on Non-Responders to Infliximab with Ulcerative Colitis, What Can We Do First and Next?","volume":"141","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17072","article-title":"Infliximab Therapy Decreases the Expression of Serum and Faecal miR-126 and miR-20a in Paediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Study","volume":"113","author":"Casertano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervera-Seco, L., Bald\u00e1n-Mart\u00edn, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Tom\u00e9, S., Ortega Moreno, L., Lozano, J.J., Aransay, A.M., Chaparro, M., Gisbert, J.P., and Marigorta, U.M. (2025). Characterization of the Regulatory Landscape in Crohn\u2019s Disease Reveals MicroRNA-Associated Alterations that Shape Anti-TNF Response. Inflamm. Bowel Dis., izaf029.","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf029"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad181","article-title":"Expression of Circulating let-7e and miR-126 May Predict Clinical Remission in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease Treated with Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Biologics","volume":"30","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.49","article-title":"Identification of Pathway-Specific Serum Biomarkers of Response to Glucocorticoid and Infliximab Treatment in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"7","author":"Heier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa209","article-title":"Serum miRNAs Are Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Associated with Therapeutic Response in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"26","author":"Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"936","article-title":"Differential Expression of Serum MicroRNAs in Glucocorticoid-Resistant Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22101","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.22101","article-title":"MicroRNA and Granulocyte-Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis Combotherapy after Inadequate Response to Anti-TNF Agents in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"39","author":"Bastida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, P.T.B., Clark, I.M., and Le, L.T.T. (2022). MicroRNA-Based Diagnosis and Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137167"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.035","article-title":"The Intracellular Sensor NOD2 Induces MicroRNA-29 Expression in Human Dendritic Cells to Limit IL-23 Release","volume":"39","author":"Brain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109932","article-title":"Interleukin-35 and Interleukin-37 Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Application of Non-Coding RNAs in IBD Therapy","volume":"117","author":"Eslami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.10.023","article-title":"MicroRNA-31-3p Is Involved in Substance P (SP)-Associated Inflammation in Human Colonic Epithelial Cells and Experimental Colitis","volume":"188","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2385","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from T Regulatory Cells Relieve Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Transferring miR-195a-3p","volume":"72","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggeletopoulou, I., Mouzaki, A., Thomopoulos, K., and Triantos, C. (2023). miRNA Molecules-Late Breaking Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032233"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac122","article-title":"miRNA-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Are We Still Missing?","volume":"29","author":"Innocenti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10808","article-title":"MicroRNA-602 prevents the development of inflammatory bowel diseases in a microbiota-dependent manner","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy181","article-title":"A Molecular Targeted Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Ulcerative Colitis via Dual-targeting Nanoparticles Delivering miR-146b to Intestinal Macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.04.001","article-title":"Ginger exosome-like nanoparticle-derived miRNA therapeutics: A strategic inhibitor of intestinal inflammation","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.02.029","article-title":"miR-26a attenuates colitis and colitis-associated cancer by targeting the multiple intestinal inflammatory pathways","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F673","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00251.2022","article-title":"Promises and challenges of miRNA therapeutics","volume":"323","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masi, L., Capobianco, I., Magr\u00ec, C., Marafini, I., Petito, V., and Scaldaferri, F. (2022). MicroRNAs as Innovative Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Prediction of Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147991"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00233-3","article-title":"ABX464 (obefazimod) for moderate-to-severe, active ulcerative colitis: A phase 2b, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled induction trial and 48 week, open-label extension","volume":"7","author":"Vermeire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:33:32Z","timestamp":1760031212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/10\/4750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26104750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26104750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]}}}