{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:17:33Z","timestamp":1760059053982,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Research Board (URB) - American University of Beirut","award":["104397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104397"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological studies have linked higher serum and dietary phosphorus to an increased risk of prostate cancer (PC) and its lethal state. However, these findings do not distinguish between the impact of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) per se and the impacts of its homoeostatic regulators. Thus, this study aimed to determine the in vitro tumorigenic effects of elevated Pi concentrations per se on androgen-dependent epithelial-like PLum-AD murine PC cells at molecular and cellular levels. Physiologically attainable elevated levels and supraphysiological levels of sodium (NaPi) and potassium phosphate (KPi) were used to assess PLum-AD cell proliferation, viability, migration, and epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression, which were determined by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide cell assay, trypan blue exclusion assay, wound healing assay, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Treatment of Plum-AD cells with supraphysiological levels of NaPi (20 mM) significantly reduced cell proliferation, whereas KPi did not, suggesting a potential sodium-dependent Pi uptake mechanism. Furthermore, physiologically relevant elevated concentrations of NaPi (3 mM) and KPi (1 and 3 mM) increased the relative vimentin expression of PLum-AD PC cells, a biomarker of EMT. Our findings suggest that elevated Pi levels per se, in the hyperphosphatemia range, can directly promote EMT in PC, highlighting the potential role of Pi in tumor progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T05:11:57Z","timestamp":1747372317000},"page":"4762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Inorganic Phosphorus Manipulation on the Growth and Progression of Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3092-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Mary","family":"Kourie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ghamlouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5544-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani","family":"Yehya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1752-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Layal","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"El-Mallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-9324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassim","family":"Abou-Kheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0813-4","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-133a-3p promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis via activating PI3K\/AKT signaling","volume":"37","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. 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