{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T21:24:38Z","timestamp":1791753878244,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008463","name":"Airlangga Research Fund Batch 2 Grant from Universitas Airlangga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["907\/UN3\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["907\/UN3\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are result from the degradation of plastic and have diameters ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. The objective of this study is to provide information on the adverse effects of PS-NPs with in vitro and in vivo analyses of liver injury. An in vitro study was conducted using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and MTT test analysis. An in vivo study was conducted to determine apoptosis levels, glucose metabolism gene expressions, liver enzymes, and liver histology. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software 10.2.1. The in vitro study showed the absorption of PS-NPs in the cell cytoplasm, the percentage of apoptosis, 3t3, and the WiDr cell lines\u2019 viability. The in vivo analysis showed that PS-NPs can stimulate liver injuries, such as inducing the elevation of liver enzymes, necrosis, edema, inflammation, and the dilatation of the portal vein diameter. High levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax were detected, as well as the expression of several genes including PI3K, AKT, PEPCK, GLUT2, and PK. In conclusion, the in vitro analysis showed the detrimental effects of PS-NPs on cells, such as high levels of apoptosis and low cell viability, while the in vivo studies displayed the impairment of liver tissue and disturbances in glucose metabolism regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:54:26Z","timestamp":1747655666000},"page":"4870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Adverse Effect of Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Impairing Glucose Metabolism in Liver Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat","family":"Susilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manikya","family":"Pramudya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firli Rahmah Primula","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Windy","family":"Seftiarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewi","family":"Hidayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aunurohim","family":"Aunurohim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vuanghao","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9383-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mochammad Aqilah","family":"Herdiansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfiah","family":"Hayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2024.100220","article-title":"The world of plastic waste: A review","volume":"11","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. 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