{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:01:14Z","timestamp":1780365674123,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria","award":["D-187\/14.06.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-187\/14.06.2022"]}]},{"name":"Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria","award":["D-327\/19.12.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-327\/19.12.2022"]}]},{"name":"Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria","award":["D-299\/18.12.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-299\/18.12.2023"]}]},{"name":"Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria","award":["D-149\/03.08.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-149\/03.08.2023"]}]},{"name":"Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["D-187\/14.06.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-187\/14.06.2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["D-327\/19.12.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-327\/19.12.2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["D-299\/18.12.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-299\/18.12.2023"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["D-149\/03.08.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-149\/03.08.2023"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aim to investigate the role of the Herpesviridae family (HHV) in the onset and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and to profile the local PCa immunological status. A total of 116 \u201ctru-cut\u201d biopsies (58 PCa and 58 benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]) and 49 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) instances of PCa were analysed using real-time qPCR and histological examination. Infection with CMV, EBV, HHV6, and HHV7 was detected in 11.5% of the \u201ctru-cut\u201d biopsies (25.9% in BPH and 6.9% in the PCa group). In the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, infection was detected in 69.4% of the patients, with individual rates of EBV (47%), HHV6 (38%), HHV7 (41%), CMV (2.9%), HSV2 (2.9%), and VZV (5.8%). In the HHV-infected PCa cases, the histopathological landscape included intratumor lymphocyte infiltration with fibrosis and necrosis, periductal chronic inflammatory reaction and granulomatous lesions with foci of abscesses and necrosis, as well as inflammatory infiltration, chronic lymphadenitis, prostatic intraepithelial atrophy (PIA), and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). The majority of HHV-infected PCa patients were predominantly classified as grade G3\/G4\/G5 tumours, exhibiting perineural, perivascular, and lymphovascular invasion, seminal vesicle invasion, senile vesicle amyloidosis, and lymph node metastasis. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between HHV infection and PCa (\u03c72 \u2248 20.3, df = 1, p &lt; 0.0001; Fisher\u2019s exact test, p &lt; 0.0001) with an odds ratio of 6.50 (95% CI: 2.80\u201315.12). These findings suggest that long-term HHV infection could contribute to a complicated and potentially altered immune PCa tumour environment due to inflammation. This may serve as a predictor of aggressive disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T09:58:22Z","timestamp":1747821502000},"page":"4945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human Herpes Virus Genotype and Immunological Gene Expression Profile in Prostate Cancer with Prominent Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Todorova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, MU-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Genetic and Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory \u201cGenica\u201d, 1463 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Kavrakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, MU-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Genetic and Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory \u201cGenica\u201d, 1463 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Derimachkovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, St. Sofia Hospital, 1404 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilyana","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, MU-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-8265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feodor","family":"Odzhakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, University Specialized Hospital for Oncology, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svitlana","family":"Bachurska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, University Specialized Hospital for Oncology, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Terziev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, UMHAT \u201cTsaritsa Ioanna\u2014ISUL\u201d, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Elena","family":"Boyadzhieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, UMHAT \u201cTsaritsa Ioanna\u2014ISUL\u201d, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trifon","family":"Valkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, MU-Sofia, Prof. Ivan Kirov Hospital, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elenko","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, UMHAT \u201cTsaritsa Ioanna\u2014ISUL\u201d, MU-Sofia, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavdar","family":"Slavov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, UMHAT \u201cTsaritsa Ioanna\u2014ISUL\u201d, MU-Sofia, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3094-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Tourtourikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, MU-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Genetic and Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory \u201cGenica\u201d, 1463 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanyo","family":"Mitev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, MU-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albena","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, MU-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Genetic and Medico-Diagnostic Laboratory \u201cGenica\u201d, 1463 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00404-6","article-title":"Prostate Cancer and the Human Papilloma Virus: Causative Association, Role of Vaccines, and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Morka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). 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