{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:24Z","timestamp":1787028564019,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prin 2022 Settore ERC LS2 \u201cIntegrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems\u201d","award":["PRIN_2022H73242_002 CUP J53D23003190006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN_2022H73242_002 CUP J53D23003190006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanoma, a malignant skin tumor, is the third skin tumor and the third cause of brain metastases. The development and introduction of systemic therapies, such as Braf inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors, have guaranteed an increase in overall survival. The appearance of brain metastases, which determines a median survival of less than 5 months, represents a sign of systemic disease progression and tumor instability. In this view, in addition to systemic therapy, the therapeutic options can be surgery, stereotactic surgery, and whole-brain radiation therapy. However, it has been observed that the response to systemic therapies of brain metastatic lesions, compared to extracerebral ones, does not guarantee complete local tumor control, thus increasing the mortality and morbidity of patients. This phenomenon, tumor escape, makes systemic therapy partly ineffective. How melanoma cells migrate, cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, and invade brain tissue is still being studied. The melanocytic metastatic brain tumor microenvironment and its assay seem to have a key role in the response and therefore in the progression of metastatic lesions. Through this work, the intent is to underline the importance of the brain tumor microenvironment and how it can influence tumor growth, its response to therapy, and the patient\u2019s overall survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:16:03Z","timestamp":1747980963000},"page":"5018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tumor Microenvironment in Melanoma Brain Metastasis: A New Potential Target?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristofer Gonzalo","family":"Garcia Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9634-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edvige","family":"Iaboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Tripodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosamaria","family":"Ferrarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosaria Viola","family":"Abbritti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurochirurgie, Hopital Laribosiere, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Caffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.03.008","article-title":"European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. 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