{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T02:19:11Z","timestamp":1792981151215,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":274,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Salman Centre For Disability Research","award":["KSRG-2024-176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSRG-2024-176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurological condition that leads to severe disabilities, significantly reducing patients\u2019 quality of life and imposing substantial societal and economic burdens. SCI involves a complex pathogenesis, including primary irreversible damage and secondary injury driven by neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and ischemia. Current treatments often provide limited efficacy, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. This paper aims to explore the potential use of stem cell (SC) therapy and exosome-based treatments as transformative approaches for managing SCI and mitigating associated disabilities. SCs, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), demonstrate regenerative capabilities, including self-renewal, differentiation into neurons and glial cells, and modulation of the injury microenvironment. These properties enable SCs to reduce inflammation, inhibit apoptosis, and promote neuronal regeneration in preclinical models. Exosome-based therapies, derived from SCs, offer a novel alternative by addressing challenges like immune rejection and tumorigenicity. Exosomes deliver biomolecules, such as miRNAs, fostering anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-regenerative effects. They have shown efficacy in improving motor function, reducing glial scarring, and enhancing axonal regrowth in SCI models. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SC therapy and exosome-based approaches, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize SCI management while addressing ethical concerns, immune rejection, and the need for large-scale clinical trials. These therapies hold promise for improving recovery outcomes and alleviating the profound disabilities associated with SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1748003058000},"page":"5048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rewiring the Spine\u2014Cutting-Edge Stem Cell Therapies for Spinal Cord Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir Mohamed","family":"Riza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-4000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal A.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, M.E.L., Castellote, J.M., Mahillo-Fernandez, I., and de Pedro-Cuesta, J. (2010). Incidence of Spinal Cord Injury Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Neuroepidemiology, 34.","DOI":"10.1159\/000279335"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2017.06.008","article-title":"Trauma: Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"97","author":"Eckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2017.06.013","article-title":"Aging with Spinal Cord Injury: An Update","volume":"28","author":"Frontera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4462","article-title":"A New Risk Factor for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"33","author":"Sabre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.07.219","article-title":"Risk for Subsequent Injuries after Spinal Cord Injury: A 10-Year Longitudinal Analysis","volume":"91","author":"Krause","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002","article-title":"From Basics to Clinical: A Comprehensive Review on Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"114","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2927","article-title":"Role of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury and Repair","volume":"72","author":"Stenudd","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217703387","article-title":"A Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Introduction, Rationale, and Scope","volume":"7","author":"Fehlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.17.1.387","article-title":"Stem and Progenitor Cells: Origins, Phenotypes, Lineage Commitments, and Transdifferentiations","volume":"17","author":"Weissman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-012-1530-2","article-title":"Real-World Costs of Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantations for Haematological Diseases: A Multicentre Study","volume":"91","author":"Blommestein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718773363","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy: A Promising Therapeutic Method for Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267352","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3267352","article-title":"A Look into Stem Cell Therapy: Exploring the Options for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"2017","author":"Reis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2016.05.008","article-title":"Stem Cell Based Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"48","author":"Muheremu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328352ec45","article-title":"Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Central Nervous System Disorders: From Cell Replacement to Neuroprotection","volume":"25","author":"Merlini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.10.014","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Locomotor Recovery in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses of Rat Models","volume":"62","author":"Oliveri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr339","article-title":"Transplanted Neural Stem\/Precursor Cells Instruct Phagocytes and Reduce Secondary Tissue Damage in the Injured Spinal Cord","volume":"135","author":"Cusimano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853650","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2853650","article-title":"Progress in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2020","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.1085","article-title":"Embryonic Stem Cells Express Neuronal Properties in Vitro","volume":"168","author":"Bain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013116","article-title":"The Nature of Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"30","author":"Martello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2012.09.001","article-title":"Transplantation of Porcine Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Derived Neuronal Progenitors in a Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0236-5","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Intravenously Injected Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Dogs with Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.032","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Decrease CHOP Expression and Neuronal Apoptosis after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"636","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772315Y.0000000048","article-title":"Intrathecal Transplantation of Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Spinal Cord Injury: A Human Trial","volume":"39","author":"Hur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-0354-1","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"71","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46259-y","article-title":"Intrathecal Delivery of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Phase I Trial","volume":"15","author":"Bydon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.20-0459","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem Cell- and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived CAR-NK Cells as Reliable Cell-Based Therapy Solutions","volume":"10","author":"Arias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X633761","article-title":"Effects of Hematopoietic Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation to the Chronically Injured Human Spinal Cord Evaluated by Motor and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Methods","volume":"21","author":"Frolov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.1.64","article-title":"Transplanted Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Bone Marrow Differentiate into Neural Lineage Cells and Promote Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"63","author":"Koshizuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119091","article-title":"Estrogens as Regulator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell, Immune Cells and Bone Biology","volume":"269","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1284","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001080","article-title":"Antiapoptotic Effect of Highly Secreted GMCSF From Neuronal Cell-Specific GMCSF Overexpressing Neural Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Model","volume":"40","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.032","article-title":"Injectable Hydrogel Promotes Early Survival of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes and Attenuates Longterm Teratoma Formation in a Spinal Cord Injury Model","volume":"83","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"19","article-title":"Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Clinical Trials","volume":"116","author":"Ilic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.014","article-title":"Long-Distance Axonal Growth from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"83","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13986","article-title":"Applications of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technologies in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"141","author":"Nagoshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0118-x","article-title":"Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated from Intervertebral Disc Cells Improve Neurologic Functions in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718787762","article-title":"The Impact of Tissue Storage Conditions on Rat Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Yield and the Future Clinical Implications","volume":"27","author":"Olushanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0408","article-title":"Transplantation of Undifferentiated and Induced Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth-Derived Stem Cells Promote Functional Recovery of Rat Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Model","volume":"21","author":"Taghipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-243980","article-title":"Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Can Differentiate into Schwann Cells and Promote and Guide Neurite Outgrowth in an Aligned Tissue-Engineered Collagen Construct in Vitro","volume":"28","author":"Martens","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2398","article-title":"Concise Review: Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Novel Cell Therapy for Retinal and Central Nervous System Repair","volume":"35","author":"Mead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2015.1006170","article-title":"Obtaining the Olfactory Bulb as a Source of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells with the Use of Minimally Invasive Neuroendoscopy-Assisted Supraorbital Keyhole Approach--Cadaveric Feasibility Study","volume":"29","author":"Czyz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23282","article-title":"Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury with Olfactory Ensheathing Glia Cells (OECs)","volume":"66","author":"Ghotme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.05.007","article-title":"Understanding the Neural Repair-Promoting Properties of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells","volume":"261","author":"Roet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X685131","article-title":"Functional Regeneration of Supraspinal Connections in a Patient with Transected Spinal Cord Following Transplantation of Bulbar Olfactory Ensheathing Cells with Peripheral Nerve Bridging","volume":"23","author":"Tabakow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718759472","article-title":"Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Spinal Cord Repair Using Neurotrophins","volume":"27","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Transplantation Attenuates Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Brain Damages by Activating Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.3727\/096368908787648074","article-title":"Administration of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells into Spinal Cord Injury Patients via Multiple Routes Is Safe and Improves Their Quality of Life: Comprehensive Case Studies","volume":"17","author":"Geffner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2016.12.2.40","article-title":"Current Concept of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.SPINE14690","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Spinal Cord Lesions","volume":"23","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.08.048","article-title":"Intravenously Transplanted Human Neural Stem Cells Migrate to the Injured Spinal Cord in Adult Mice in an SDF-1- and HGF-Dependent Manner","volume":"426","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2017.04.002","article-title":"Intravenous Infusion of Adipose-Derived Stem\/Stromal Cells Improves Functional Recovery of Rats with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"19","author":"Ohta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2004.1.3.0330","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Delivery of Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Advantages of the Lumbar Puncture Technique","volume":"1","author":"Bakshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31819403ce","article-title":"Grafting of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Spinal Cord Injury: A Comparison of Delivery Methods","volume":"34","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx250","article-title":"Emerging Safety of Intramedullary Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cells in Chronic Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"82","author":"Levi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0255-2","article-title":"Comparison of Intraspinal and Intrathecal Implantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"6","author":"Amemori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.233448","article-title":"Injection of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Intravenous or Intraperitoneal Routes Is a Viable Alternative to Spinal Cord Injury Treatment in Mice","volume":"13","author":"Ramalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.4.1.10207","article-title":"Neuropilin, You Gotta Let Me Know: Should I Stay or Should I Go?","volume":"4","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80649-2","article-title":"Artemin, a Novel Member of the GDNF Ligand Family, Supports Peripheral and Central Neurons and Signals through the GFRalpha3-RET Receptor Complex","volume":"21","author":"Baloh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X670967","article-title":"Transplantation of Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cells at Different Locations in Mice with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"23","author":"Iwai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.04.009","article-title":"Increasing Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Dose Alters Oligodendroglial and Neuronal Differentiation after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"8","author":"Piltti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2377","article-title":"Chondroitinase ABC Treatment Opens a Window of Opportunity for Task-Specific Rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"Barkhuysen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.09.009","article-title":"Training and Anti-CSPG Combination Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"235","author":"Fawcett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2006","article-title":"Early Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Spinal Cord Injury Relieves Pain Hypersensitivity through Suppression of Pain-Related Signaling Cascades and Reduced Inflammatory Cell Recruitment","volume":"33","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20170048","article-title":"Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Current Concepts and Treatment Update","volume":"75","author":"Rouanet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2109","article-title":"Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes an Alternative Pathway of Macrophage Activation and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"29","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"All, A.H., Gharibani, P., Gupta, S., Bazley, F.A., Pashai, N., Chou, B.-K., Shah, S., Resar, L.M., Cheng, L., and Gearhart, J.D. (2015). Early Intervention for Spinal Cord Injury with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Oligodendrocyte Progenitors. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116933"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonic, A., Sena, E.S., Lees, J.S., Wills, T.E., Skeers, P., Batchelor, P.E., Macleod, M.R., and Howells, D.W. (2013). Stem Cell Transplantation in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. PLoS Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001738"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, S.M., Kim, W., Chung, J.Y., Im, W., Yoo, D.Y., Jung, H.Y., Won, M.-H., Choi, J.H., and Hwang, I.K. (2014). Neuroprotective Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Are Maintained for 3 Weeks against Ischemic Damage in the Rabbit Spinal Cord. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/539051"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00142-9","article-title":"Methylprednisolone Inhibition of TNF-Alpha Expression and NF-kB Activation after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.31.11.1111","article-title":"Generic Maintenance Immunosuppression in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"31","author":"Ensor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3727\/000000005783982594","article-title":"Analysis of Allogeneic and Syngeneic Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Graft Survival in the Spinal Cord","volume":"14","author":"Swanger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Esp\u00edn, A., Hern\u00e1ndez, J., and Navarro, X. (2013). Gene Expression Changes in the Injured Spinal Cord Following Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells or Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076141"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.26.14720","article-title":"Direct Isolation of Human Central Nervous System Stem Cells","volume":"97","author":"Uchida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507063102","article-title":"Human Neural Stem Cells Differentiate and Promote Locomotor Recovery in Spinal Cord-Injured Mice","volume":"102","author":"Cummings","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar, D.L., Uchida, N., Hamers, F.P.T., Cummings, B.J., and Anderson, A.J. (2010). Human Neural Stem Cells Differentiate and Promote Locomotor Recovery in an Early Chronic Spinal Cord Injury NOD-Scid Mouse Model. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012272"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.02.034","article-title":"Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Treatment; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"322","author":"Yousefifard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6974","article-title":"Tacrolimus (FK506) Increases Neuronal Expression of GAP-43 and Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"154","author":"Madsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1337118","article-title":"Combined Transplantation of Human Neuronal and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Following Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5991-09.2010","article-title":"Cyclosporin A Has Direct Effects on Adult Neural Precursor Cells","volume":"30","author":"Hunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"915","article-title":"Resveratrol Prevents CsA Inhibition of Proliferation and Osteoblastic Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells through an ER\/NO\/cGMP Pathway","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw080","article-title":"Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury-Repair and Regeneration","volume":"80","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.10.010","article-title":"Multifaceted Neuro-Regenerative Activities of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"78","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Zhu, W., Cao, K., Wu, F., Li, J., Wang, G., Li, H., Lu, M., Ren, Y., and He, X. (2016). Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091380"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X693473","article-title":"Neural Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Spinal Cord Injury Recovery","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3941","article-title":"Reduced Inflammatory Cell Recruitment and Tissue Damage in Spinal Cord Injury by Acellular Spinal Cord Scaffold Seeded with Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.4.SPINE15923","article-title":"Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for promotion of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis and improvement of locomotor and sensory functions after spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Yahata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.August.7.23","article-title":"Influence of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation on Angiogenesis in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Yao, S., Wen, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, H., and Xu, Q. (2016). Angiogenic Microspheres Promote Neural Regeneration and Motor Function Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33428"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.6.1059","article-title":"Neurorestoration Induced by Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms for Clinical Trials","volume":"53","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2016.11.012","article-title":"Stem Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"231","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20436","article-title":"Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury in Primates","volume":"80","author":"Iwanami","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.433607","article-title":"Integration and Long Distance Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System from Transplanted Primitive Neural Stem Cells","volume":"288","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, D., Chen, S., Fang, S., Liu, S., Jin, M., Guo, Z., Yuan, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, C., and Mei, X. (2017). The Neuroprotective Effects of Muscle-Derived Stem Cells via Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Spinal Cord Injury Model. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1972608"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242576","article-title":"Resident Neural Stem Cells Restrict Tissue Damage and Neuronal Loss after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"342","author":"Stenudd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.03.015","article-title":"Neuroprotector Effect of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Transplanted after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Involves Inhibition of Early Neuronal Apoptosis","volume":"1663","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-0205-2","article-title":"Endogenous Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"59","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2016.11.007","article-title":"Neurotrophic Factors Used to Treat Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"104","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-014-9476-3","article-title":"Neurogenic Differentiation from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Application for Autologous Transplantation in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26520","article-title":"Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell-Derived Glia Enhance Neurotrophic Elements in an Ex Vivo Model of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"119","author":"Pandamooz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells Induced by All-Trans- Retinoic Acid Combined with Glial Cell Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Chondroitinase Abc for Repairing Spinal Cord Injury of Rats","volume":"29","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Reparative Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0466","article-title":"Safety of Intravenous Infusion of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Animals and Humans","volume":"20","author":"Ra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.05.014","article-title":"A First-in-Human, Phase I Study of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"22","author":"Curtis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt516","article-title":"Safety and Neurological Assessments after Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Subjects with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"5","author":"Larocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2016.01.004","article-title":"Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury: A Phase I Pilot Study","volume":"18","author":"Satti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630932","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/630932","article-title":"Clinical Trial of Human Fetal Brain-Derived Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Patients with Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2015","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx242","article-title":"Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Functional Outcomes at 12 Months in a Phase II Clinical Trial","volume":"64","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X664540","article-title":"Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Cell Therapy Combined with Physical Therapy Induces Functional Improvement in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients","volume":"23","author":"Gabr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001056","article-title":"A Phase III Clinical Trial Showing Limited Efficacy of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"78","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"(2025, April 22). NCT02152657, 2017 Study Details Evaluation of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02152657."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"dos Santos, R.R. (2017). Phase 1 Study of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"National Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplant (NIBMT) (2016). Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients of Spinal Cord Injury-Phase I Clinical Trial."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Crespo, J.V. (2019). Phase I Pilot Study to Evaluate the Security of Local Administration of Autologous Stem Cells Obtained From the Bone Marrow Stroma, in Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Knight, A. (2024). Safety of Autologous Stem Cell Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury in Children."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Dr.SGA.Rao (2010). Surgical Transplantation of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells with Glial Scar Resection for Patients of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury and Intra-Thecal Injection for Acute and Subacute Injury\u2014A Preliminary Study."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Sabaawy, H.E. (2009). Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Cell Transplant in Spinal Cord Injury Patients."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Crespo, J.V. (2018). Intrathecal Administration (Pattern 100\/3) of Expanded Autologous Adult Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Established Chronic Spinal Cord Injuries."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Jamali, F. (2019). Comparative Evaluation of Safety and Effectiveness of Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSC) vs. Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AT-MSC) in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Patient."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"R-Bio (2014). Safety of Autologous Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Bukwang Pharmaceutical (2015). The Effect of Intrathecal Transplantation of Autologous Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Patients with Spinal Cord Injury, Phase I Clinical Study."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"R-Bio (2016). Safety and Effect of Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Implantation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces (2011). Efficacy Difference Between Rehabilitation Therapy and Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Patients with Acute or Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in China."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces (2018). Different Efficacy Between Rehabilitation Therapy and Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in China."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"StemCells, Inc. (2015). A Phase I;II Study of the Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Transplantation of Human Central Nervous System (CNS) Stem Cells (HuCNS-SC\u00ae) in Subjects with Thoracic (T2\u2013T11) Spinal Cord Trauma."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"StemCells, Inc. (2016). Long-Term Follow-up (LTFU) Study of the Phase I;II Safety and Preliminary Efficacy Investigation of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Transplantation of HuCNS-SC\u00ae in Subjects with Thoracic (T2\u2013T11) Spinal Cord Trauma."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"StemCells, Inc. (2016). A Single-Blind, Randomized, Parallel Arm, Phase II Proof-of-Concept Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Human Central Nervous System Stem Cells (HuCNS-SC) Transplantation in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc (2021). A Phase 1\/2a Dose Escalation Study of AST-OPC1 in Subjects with Subacute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Rong, L. (2019). The Effect of Intrathecal Transplantation of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients with Late Stage of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Multicenter, Prospective, Cohort Study."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Rong, L. (2019). The Effect of Intrathecal Transplantation of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients with Sub-Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Rong, L. (2019). The Effect of Intrathecal Transplantation of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients with Early Stage of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Banc de Sang i Teixits (2020). A Phase I\/IIa, Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose, Placebo Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and to Obtain Efficacy Data in Intrathecal Administration of Expanded Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Bydon, M. (2022). Phase I Clinical Trial of Autologous Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Paralysis Due to Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Santos, R.R. (2017). Evaluation of the Safety and Potential Effectiveness of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Subjects with Cervical Chronic and Complete Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Santos, R.R. (2017). Randomized Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Thoracolumbar Chronic and Complete Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Pharmicell Co., Ltd. (2021). A Phase II\/III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Stem Cells Arabia (2020). Transplantation of Purified Autologous Bone Marrow- or Leukapheresis-Derived CD34+ and CD133+ for Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Long-Term Comparative Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy Study."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Neuralstem Inc. (2017). A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single-Site, Safety Study of Human Spinal Cord-Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Chronic SCI."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Neuroplast (2023). A 3 Months Open Phase I Study to Assess the Safety of the Intrathecal Application of Neuro-Cells in End Stage (Chronic) Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Patients."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Neuroplast (2023). A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Delayed Start Phase II\/III Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Neuro-Cells in (Sub)Acute Spinal Cord Injury Patients."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22443","article-title":"Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Engineering Using Neural and Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"28","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26074","article-title":"Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Strategies to Inform Differentiation and Transplantation","volume":"114","author":"Iyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"437","article-title":"Progress on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"China J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2581","article-title":"Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Analyses Revealed Epigenetic Instability in Tumorigenic Human iPS Cell-Derived Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cells","volume":"35","author":"Iida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0403","article-title":"Accumulated Chromosomal Instability in Murine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Leads to Malignant Transformation","volume":"24","author":"Miura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718808471","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2013-0064","article-title":"Safety of Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2","author":"Piltti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2017","article-title":"The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"98","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9476020","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9476020","article-title":"Cytokine and Growth Factor Activation In Vivo and In Vitro after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2016","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cofano, F., Boido, M., Monticelli, M., Zenga, F., Ducati, A., Vercelli, A., and Garbossa, D. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Current Options, Limitations, and Future of Cell Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112698"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5063","article-title":"Systemic Administration of Exosomes Released from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuates Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Promotes Angiogenesis after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.JNS14770","article-title":"Effect of Exosomes Derived from Multipluripotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Functional Recovery and Neurovascular Plasticity in Rats after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2005.12.003","article-title":"Exosomes Are Released by Cultured Cortical Neurones","volume":"31","author":"Lachenal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800109","article-title":"Proteomic Profiling of Exosomes: Current Perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-29","article-title":"Risk Factors in the Development of Stem Cell Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Herberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poongodi, R., Hsu, Y.-W., Yang, T.-H., Huang, Y.-H., Yang, K.D., Lin, H.-C., and Cheng, J.-K. (2025). Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Therapeutic Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020723"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.9058","article-title":"microRNAs in Spinal Cord Injury: Potential Roles and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"10","author":"Ning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2017.1373901","article-title":"Regulatory Roles of Micro-RNAs in T Cell Autoimmunity","volume":"46","author":"Esmailzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.02.015","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal microRNA-125a Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization in Spinal Cord Injury by Downregulating IRF5","volume":"170","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1726-7","article-title":"Exosome-Shuttled miR-216a-5p from Hypoxic Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury by Shifting Microglial M1\/M2 Polarization","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13036","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Inflammasome Signaling after Central Nervous System Injury","volume":"136","author":"Brand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02950-x","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Epidural Fat-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Improve Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.07.011","article-title":"Intrathecal Administration of the Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Wharton\u2019s Jelly Stem Cells Inhibit Inflammation and Attenuate the Activity of Inflammasome Complexes after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"170","author":"Noori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2021.1919825","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Containing miR-145-5p Reduce Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S209636","article-title":"Exosomes Derived From Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Complement Activation In Rats With Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.07.006","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Promotes Regeneration after Adult Zebrafish Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"477","author":"Strand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271211003311","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Reduce Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response during Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.10.002","article-title":"miR-21 Deficiency Contributes to the Impaired Protective Effects of Obese Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes against Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"167","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Chu, X., Yuan, H., Qiu, J., Zhao, C., Xin, D., Li, T., Ma, W., Wang, H., and Wang, Z. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived EVs Mediate Neuroprotection after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats via the microRNA-21-5p\/FasL Gene Axis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108818"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9138-x","article-title":"Role of Wnt Signaling in Central Nervous System Injury","volume":"53","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719870999","article-title":"Exosomes from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Neuronal Apoptosis and Promote Motor Function Recovery via the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5835","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repair Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing the Activation of A1 Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135399","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Neurologic Function by Promoting Angiogenesis after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"739","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanelli, P., Bieler, L., Scharler, C., Pachler, K., Kreutzer, C., Zaunmair, P., Jakubecova, D., Mrowetz, H., Benedetti, B., and Rivera, F.J. (2019). Extracellular Vesicles Can Deliver Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Scarring Activities of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells After Spinal Cord Injury. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01225"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Ameliorate Inflammation-Induced Preterm Brain Injury","volume":"60","author":"Drommelschmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24981","article-title":"Paracrine Factors Secreted by MSCs Promote Astrocyte Survival Associated With GFAP Downregulation After Ischemic Stroke via P38 MAPK and JNK","volume":"230","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, X., Chen, K., Yang, H., Li, B., Zhou, T., Wang, H., Zhou, H., Chen, S., Zhou, X., and Wei, X. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles Derived from CD73 Modified Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. J. Nanobiotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01022-z"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2021-0304","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Exosome in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Deng, R., Zhang, G., He, X., Chen, H., Chen, B., Wan, L., and Kang, X. (2022). Therapeutic Effect of Exosomes Derived From Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.847444"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, Z., Wang, M., Zhang, B., Wang, X., and Wanyan, P. (2022). Clinical Translation of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury Still Premature: Results from a Single-Arm Meta-Analysis Based on 62 Clinical Trials. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02482-2"},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a Therapeutic Option for Spinal Cord Injuries; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jabermoradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csobonyeiova, M., Polak, S., Zamborsky, R., and Danisovic, L. (2019). Recent Progress in the Regeneration of Spinal Cord Injuries by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153838"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10254-3","article-title":"Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids","volume":"18","author":"Barak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, I.K., Yang, B., Forest, C., Qian, L., and Chan, A.W.S. (2019). Amelioration of Huntington\u2019s Disease Phenotype in Astrocytes Derived from iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells of Huntington\u2019s Disease Monkeys. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214156"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0314-2","article-title":"Transplanting Neural Progenitor Cells to Restore Connectivity after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"21","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2676-9","article-title":"iPSC-Derived Neural Precursor Cells: Potential for Cell Transplantation Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"75","author":"Nagoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00431F","article-title":"Aligned Collagen Scaffold Combination with Human Spinal Cord-Derived Neural Stem Cells to Improve Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.08.020","article-title":"Long-Distance Growth and Connectivity of Neural Stem Cells after Severe Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"150","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108077108","article-title":"Grafted Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Neurospheres Promote Motor Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"108","author":"Nori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.05.005","article-title":"Commonalities in Immune Modulation between Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Neural Stem\/Precursor Cells (NPCs)","volume":"168","author":"Ottoboni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i5.323","article-title":"Advances in Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives for Combination of Stem Cells with Neurotrophic Factors","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114177","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolding and Neural Progenitor Cell Transplantation Promotes Regenerative Immunomodulation in the Mouse Ischemic Brain","volume":"357","author":"McCrary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963689720946031","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689720946031","article-title":"Transplantation Efficacy of Human Ciliary Epithelium Cells from Fetal Eye and Lin-ve Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood in the Murine Retinal Degeneration Model of Laser Injury","volume":"29","author":"Bammidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22897","article-title":"Insights into Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Myelination Using Zebrafish","volume":"64","author":"Czopka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16190","article-title":"Microglia Phagocytose Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Synapses during Early Postnatal Development: Implications for White versus Gray Matter Maturation","volume":"289","author":"Irfan","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.11.013","article-title":"Grafted Human iPS Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Contribute to Robust Remyelination of Demyelinated Axons after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Kawabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0024","article-title":"Survival and Functionality of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes in a Nonhuman Primate Model for Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Thiruvalluvan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.5.SPINE22167","article-title":"A Phase 1\/2a Dose-Escalation Study of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in Individuals with Subacute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"37","author":"Fessler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00199-9","article-title":"Progression in Translational Research on Spinal Cord Injury Based on Microenvironment Imbalance","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.106","article-title":"Rapid Generation of OPC-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Treating Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Z.-F., Wang, Y., Lin, Y.-H., Wu, Y., Zhu, A.-Y., Wang, R., Shen, L., Xi, J., Qi, Q., and Jiang, Z.-Q. (2017). Transplantation of PDGF-AA-Overexpressing Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Promotes Recovery in Rat Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front. Cell Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00079"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C.-W. (2025). Stem Cell-Based Approaches for Spinal Cord Injury: The Promise of iPSCs. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030314"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pestana, F., Edwards-Faret, G., Belgard, T.G., Martirosyan, A., and Holt, M.G. (2020). No Longer Underappreciated: The Emerging Concept of Astrocyte Heterogeneity in Neuroscience. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10030168"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.SPINE10775","article-title":"Increase of Sensitivity to Mechanical Stimulus after Transplantation of Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model","volume":"15","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30490-3","article-title":"The Role of Astroglia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications","volume":"18","author":"Arranz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam6651","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam6651","article-title":"Survival of Syngeneic and Allogeneic iPSC-Derived Neural Precursors after Spinal Grafting in Minipigs","volume":"10","author":"Strnadel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockie, S., Hong, J., and Fehlings, M.G. (2021). The Role of Microglia in Modulating Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189706"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukacova, N., Kisucka, A., Kiss Bimbova, K., Bacova, M., Ileninova, M., Kuruc, T., and Galik, J. (2021). Glial-Neuronal Interactions in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202111.0116.v1"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03039-1","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Treatment Strategies, Associated Challenges, and Future Implications","volume":"377","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03554-0","article-title":"The Role of Neural Stem Cells in Regulating Glial Scar Formation and Repair","volume":"387","author":"Nicaise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Q.M., Chen, S.Y., Xu, Q.J., Fu, S.P., Yang, Y.C., Zou, W.H., Zhang, M., Liu, J., Wan, W.H., and Peng, J.C. (2021). Neuroinflammation and Scarring After Spinal Cord Injury: Therapeutic Roles of MSCs on Inflammation and Glial Scar. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.751021"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.11.027","article-title":"Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogels for the Stabilization and Sustained Release of Active Chondroitinase ABC in Vitro and in Spinal Cord Injuries","volume":"330","author":"Raspa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.06.046","article-title":"Microglia in the Neurovascular Unit: Blood-Brain Barrier-Microglia Interactions After Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"405","author":"Thurgur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2025.100855","article-title":"Immune Cell-NSPC Interactions: Friend or Foe in CNS Injury and Repair?","volume":"143","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23041","article-title":"IL-4 Drives Microglia and Macrophages toward a Phenotype Conducive for Tissue Repair and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.10.015","article-title":"Early Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Microglia by Minocycline Loaded Nanoparticles Confers Long Lasting Protection after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"75","author":"Papa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6","article-title":"The Semantics of Microglia Activation: Neuroinflammation, Homeostasis, and Stress","volume":"18","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badanjak, K., Fixemer, S., Smaji\u0107, S., Skupin, A., and Gr\u00fcnewald, A. (2021). The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094676"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich, M., Paris, I., Ebeling, M., Dahm, N., Schweitzer, C., Reinhardt, D., Schmucki, R., Prasad, M., K\u00f6chl, F., and Leist, M. (2020). Alzheimer\u2019s Risk Gene TREM2 Determines Functional Properties of New Type of Human iPSC-Derived Microglia. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.617860"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.017","article-title":"Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk: Signaling Mechanism and Control of Synaptic Transmission","volume":"94","author":"Marinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Lu, Y., Do, K., Mize, T., Wu, X., Chen, X., and Chen, J. (2021). Validation of Induced Microglia-Like Cells (iMG Cells) for Future Studies of Brain Diseases. Front. Cell Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.629279"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584211040786","article-title":"Microglial TREM2 at the Intersection of Brain Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, C., Liu, Z., and Qie, S. (2023). The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030571"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052678899","article-title":"Functional Recovery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Mediated by a Unique Polymer Scaffold Seeded with Neural Stem Cells","volume":"99","author":"Teng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21839","article-title":"Combining Stem Cells in Myocardial Infarction: The Road to Superior Repair?","volume":"42","author":"Evens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, I.G., Park, S.A., Lee, S.-H., Choi, J.S., Cho, H., Lee, S.J., Kwon, Y.-W., and Kwon, S.K. (2020). Transplantation of a 3D-Printed Tracheal Graft Combined with iPS Cell-Derived MSCs and Chondrocytes. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61405-4"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eugenis, I., Wu, D., and Rando, T.A. (2021). Cells, Scaffolds, and Bioactive Factors: Engineering Strategies for Improving Regeneration Following Volumetric Muscle Loss. Biomaterials, 278.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121173"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515618887","article-title":"Regenerative Medicine for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases","volume":"95","author":"Larsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101384","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202101384","article-title":"Engineering Bioactive Scaffolds for Skin Regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Hosseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"948040","article-title":"Hydrogels and Cell Based Therapies in Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration","volume":"2015","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200209000-00024","article-title":"Biodegradable Polymer Grafts for Surgical Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord","volume":"51","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percival, K.M., Paul, V., and Husseini, G.A. (2024). Recent Advancements in Bone Tissue Engineering: Integrating Smart Scaffold Technologies and Bio-Responsive Systems for Enhanced Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116012"},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"16","article-title":"Biomimetic Natural Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: New Biosynthesis Methods, Recent Advances, and Emerging Applications","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107640","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202107640","article-title":"Programmable DNA Hydrogels as Artificial Extracellular Matrix","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01605E","article-title":"Neural Tissue Engineering: The Influence of Scaffold Surface Topography and Extracellular Matrix Microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.327329","article-title":"Application of Neurotrophic and Proangiogenic Factors as Therapy after Peripheral Nervous System Injury","volume":"17","author":"Idrisova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36749","article-title":"A Biomaterials Approach to Schwann Cell Development in Neural Tissue Engineering","volume":"107","author":"Lotfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.064","article-title":"Neural Tissue Engineering Options for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108043","article-title":"Functional Hydrogels as Therapeutic Tools for Spinal Cord Injury: New Perspectives on Immunopharmacological Interventions","volume":"234","author":"Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eado9120","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado9120","article-title":"Integrating Hydrogels Manipulate ECM Deposition after Spinal Cord Injury for Specific Neural Reconnections via Neuronal Relays","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Jiao, J., Gong, C., Li, J., Zhao, M., and Lu, X. (2025). Multidimensional Exploration of Hydrogels as Biological Scaffolds for Spinal Cord Regeneration: Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1576524"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S501121","article-title":"Research Progress on Biomaterials for Spinal Cord Repair","volume":"20","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moswatsi, B., Mahumane, G.D., Kumar, P., and Choonara, Y.E. (2025). A Review of Bigels for Neurotrauma Therapeutics: Structural Insights for Tissue Microenvironment Alignment. Biomater. Adv., 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2025.214315"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9829","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA07976K","article-title":"Graphene-Based Materials: An Innovative Approach for Neural Regeneration and Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"15","author":"Hamidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.06.014","article-title":"Engineering Articular Cartilage with Spatially-Varying Matrix Composition and Mechanical Properties from a Single Stem Cell Population Using a Multi-Layered Hydrogel","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b02196","article-title":"Multivalent Host\u2013Guest Hydrogels as Fatigue-Resistant 3D Matrix for Excessive Mechanical Stimulation of Encapsulated Cells","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.011","article-title":"Direct Hydrogel Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Enables Ontomimetic Differentiation and Growth of Engineered Human Heart Tissues","volume":"83","author":"Kerscher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.08.001","article-title":"Nanomaterial Scaffolds for Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation in Tissue Engineering","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-020-00613-8","article-title":"Microfluidic Technologies to Engineer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates-Applications and Benefits","volume":"12","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C.-W. (2023). Advancing Spinal Cord Injury Treatment through Stem Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Cell Types, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies in Regenerative Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814349"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azman, K.F., and Zakaria, R. (2022). Recent Advances on the Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126827"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-019-00435-0","article-title":"Cilostazol Promotes Angiogenesis and Increases Cell Proliferation After Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through a cAMP-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"3766","article-title":"An NT-3-Releasing Bioscaffold Supports the Formation of TrkC-Modified Neural Stem Cell-Derived Neural Network Tissue with Efficacy in Repairing Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.677","article-title":"Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217","article-title":"Nerve Growth Factor Signaling, Neuroprotection, and Neural Repair","volume":"24","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2780","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling: From Development to Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.21037\/sci.2019.08.11","article-title":"A Revealing Review of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy, Clinical Perspectives and Modification Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Investig."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.272573","article-title":"Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurkesh, A., Jaguparov, A., Jimi, S., and Saparov, A. (2020). Recent Advances in the Controlled Release of Growth Factors and Cytokines for Improving Cutaneous Wound Healing. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00638"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0135","article-title":"The Leading Edge: Emerging Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Cell-Based Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Ahuja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxac040","article-title":"Pluripotent Stem Cells in Clinical Setting-New Developments and Overview of Current Status","volume":"40","author":"Ilic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113612","article-title":"Non-Invasive Approaches to Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: Therapeutic Targets and Multimodal Device Interventions","volume":"339","author":"Pizzolato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2022.06.013","article-title":"Engineering Stem Cell Therapeutics for Cardiac Repair","volume":"171","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2926","article-title":"Concise Review: Laying the Groundwork for a First-In-Human Study of an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Intervention for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"37","author":"Tsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02010-z","article-title":"Targeting NMDA Receptors in Neuropsychiatric Disorders by Drug Screening on Human Neurons Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2019.03027","article-title":"Rewiring the Lesioned Brain: Electrical Stimulation for Post-Stroke Motor Restoration","volume":"22","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, B.-Q., Zeng, X., Han, W.-T., Che, M.-T., Ding, Y., Li, G., and Zeng, Y.-S. (2021). Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Relay Strategies and Functional Electrical Stimulation for Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Biomaterials, 279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121211"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, M., Li, J., Moraes, C., Tabrizian, M., and Li-Jessen, N.Y.K. (2022). Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: New Promising and Challenging Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. Biomaterials, 289.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121786"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114506","article-title":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"368","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.253512","article-title":"Role and Prospects of Regenerative Biomaterials in the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-023-00526-4","article-title":"Biomaterial-Based Regenerative Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C., Liao, L., and Tian, W. (2023). Advances Focusing on the Application of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix in Periodontal Regeneration. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040673"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, H., Ren, X., Yin, H., Sun, C., and Jiang, T. (2019). Construction of a NT-3 Sustained-Release System Cross-Linked with an Acellular Spinal Cord Scaffold and Its Effects on Differentiation of Cultured Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109902"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Q., Zheng, Y.-W., Lan, Q.-H., Kou, L., Xu, H.-L., and Zhao, Y.-Z. (2019). Recent Development and Biomedical Applications of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109942"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, X., Teng, M., Zhang, Y., and Ji, W. (2023). Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Seeded with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Promotes Neurorestoration and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury through Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway Regulation. Biomed. Mater., 19.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad0fa1"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishwakarma, S.K., Bardia, A., Lakkireddy, C., Paspala, S.A.B., and Khan, A.A. (2018). Bioengineering Human Neurological Constructs Using Decellularized Meningeal Scaffolds for Application in Spinal Cord Injury. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00150"},{"key":"ref_274","first-page":"188","article-title":"Management of Chronic Spinal Cord Dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:39:26Z","timestamp":1760031566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":274,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26115048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115048","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}