{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:32:26Z","timestamp":1785717146164,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared and related light therapies are gaining increasing interest due to their potential therapeutic properties in treating various health conditions, particularly metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These diseases often coexist with dyslipidemia, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular complications. This review paper analyzes the impact, primarily of far-infrared light therapy (FIR), on improving endothelial function, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating inflammatory responses\u2014key factors in metabolic diseases. Preliminary studies suggest that FIR may improve blood circulation, increase the secretion of VEGF, and enhance insulin sensitivity by alleviating inflammatory states and oxidative damage commonly associated with these diseases. In addition, FIR has been associated with potential benefits in blood pressure regulation and lipid metabolism, which could contribute to reduced cardiovascular risk. However, it is important to acknowledge that most current evidence is derived from preclinical models and small-scale clinical trials, limiting direct applicability to broader patient populations. Moreover, significant variability exists in exposure parameters and treatment protocols across studies. While FIR therapy holds potential as a complementary approach to the conventional management of metabolic diseases, careful monitoring is essential to mitigate potential adverse effects. Further well-designed, large-scale clinical trials are necessary to validate the therapeutic efficacy, optimize treatment parameters, and comprehensively assess the safety profile of FIR interventions in metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1748404328000},"page":"5134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Infrared and Related Light Therapies in Metabolic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Nowacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolas Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Curie Sk\u0142odowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"\u015aniegocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolas Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Curie Sk\u0142odowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Smuczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolas Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, ul. Technik\u00f3w 3, 85-801 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161521","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521","article-title":"Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Connections in Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatments","volume":"14","author":"Ruze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehac779.131","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac779.131","article-title":"Global Burden of Metabolic Diseases: Data from Global Burden of Disease 2000\u20132019. 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