{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:00:00Z","timestamp":1791594000285,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 70% of people will experience a traumatic event in their lifetime, but post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will only develop in 3.9% and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in 1\u20138% of the population worldwide, although in some countries (e.g., Poland and Northern Ireland) it will develop in a much higher percentage. Stress-related disorders have a complex pathogenesis involving neurophysiological, genetic, epigenetic, neuroendocrine and environmental factors. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular aspects of selected PTSD symptoms: hypervigilance, re-experiencing, emotion dysregulation and dissociation, i.e., the symptoms with strong neurobiological components. Among analysed susceptibility factors are specific gene polymorphisms (e.g., FKBP5, COMT, CHRNA5, CRHR1, 5-HTTLPR, ADCY8 and DRD2) and their interactions with the environment, changes in the HPA axis, adrenergic hyperactivity and disturbances in the activity of selected anatomical structures (including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, anterior cingulate gyrus and hippocampus). It is worth noting that therapeutic methods with proven effectiveness in PTSD (TF-CBT and EMDR) have a substantial neurobiological rationale. Molecular aspects seem crucial when searching for effective screening\/diagnostic methods and new potential therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T04:46:38Z","timestamp":1748493998000},"page":"5216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hyperarousal, Dissociation, Emotion Dysregulation and Re-Experiencing\u2014Towards Understanding Molecular Aspects of PTSD Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0354-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Brzozowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Psychiatry Scientific Circle, Division of Developmental Psychiatry, Psychotic and Geriatric Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-282 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0638-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Psychiatry, Psychotic and Geriatric Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-282 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). 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