{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:03:33Z","timestamp":1791497013721,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Kazan Federal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FZSM-2023-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZSM-2023-0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important component of the immune system, which plays a dual role in modern medicine. On the one hand, they significantly limit the effectiveness of gene therapy based on viral vectors, reducing the effectiveness of treatment of diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy, which is especially evident with repeated administration of therapeutic vectors. On the other hand, nAbs is a promising tool for combating viral infections. This review systematizes current data on the mechanisms of nAbs formation against AAV vectors, analyzes the factors influencing their production, and discusses strategies to overcome this limitation, including modification of vectors and the development of methods to suppress the immune response. Special attention is paid to the prospects of using nAbs as therapeutic agents against viral infections. The key problems and possible directions of research development in this area are considered, which is important for improving approaches to the treatment of both rare genetic and infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T09:47:34Z","timestamp":1748512054000},"page":"5224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Neutralizing Antibodies: Role in Immune Response and Viral Vector Based Gene Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tatiana S.","family":"Tsaregorodtseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigul A.","family":"Gubaidullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata R.","family":"Kayumova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa A.","family":"Shaimardanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaza S.","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8776-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriya V.","family":"Solovyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert A.","family":"Sufianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"The Research and Educational Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina Z.","family":"Sufianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9427-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert A.","family":"Rizvanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Division of Medical and Biological Sciences, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlieben, L.D., Prokisch, H., and Yepez, V.A. 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