{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:20:02Z","timestamp":1760059202149,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.D060.25.049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D060.25.049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological diseases and has a complex etiology. Despite the wide range of available therapeutic options, modern and effective solutions are still being sought, particularly in the area of topical therapy. The aim of this study was to develop hydrogel formulations that provide stability for the antibiotics they contain\u2014tetracycline or chlortetracycline enriched with azeloglycine\u2014the latter an ingredient supporting acne-prone skin care. The physicochemical parameters, stability, and antimicrobial activity of the obtained formulations were analyzed. HPLC analysis showed that tetracycline exhibited greater stability than chlortetracycline, especially in mildly acidic and neutral environments. The addition of azeloglycine improved the rheological properties of the hydrogels, reduced tetracycline degradation under alkaline conditions, and enhanced the penetration of active ingredients into the model sebum. All tested formulations demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In the artificial sebum biofilm model, hydrogels containing azeloglycine more effectively reduced staphylococcal biofilm mass. No formulations showed toxicity towards Galleria mellonella larvae. The results indicate the potential usefulness of the developed hydrogels as modern multifunctional formulations for topical acne treatment. Hydrogel formulations containing tetracycline and azeloglycine may represent a promising future anti-acne preparation exhibiting synergistic antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and sebum-cleansing effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T06:14:27Z","timestamp":1748585667000},"page":"5239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergy of Tetracyclines and Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate (Azeloglycine) in Hydrogels: Evaluation of Stability, Antimicrobial Activity, and Physicochemical Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6902-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kostrz\u0119bska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Junka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Unique Models Application P.U.M.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5695-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"Musia\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9638(10)70045-4","article-title":"Recent Data on Epidemiology of Acne","volume":"137","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2006.00079.x","article-title":"Psychological Problems in the Acne Patient","volume":"19","author":"Fried","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.12.017","article-title":"Guidelines of Care for the Management of Acne Vulgaris","volume":"90","author":"Reynolds","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00531-1","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome: A New Actor in Inflammatory Acne","volume":"21","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.B., Byun, E.J., and Kim, H.S. (2019). Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 8.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070987"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.006","article-title":"Acne: Inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Farrar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Al-Mutairi Nawaf Topical Antibiotics in Dermatology An Update","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gulf J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00666-9","article-title":"New Developments in Topical Acne Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Drake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.014","article-title":"Acne: Systemic Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Katsambas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.037","article-title":"Guidelines of Care for the Management of Acne Vulgaris","volume":"74","author":"Zaenglein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2004.05.006","article-title":"Tetracyclines in Dermatology","volume":"50","author":"Tsankov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disease-a-Month"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"844","article-title":"Tetracyclines Revisited: Tetracyclines in the Field of Dermatology","volume":"240","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1974.01010010206003","article-title":"Severe Endemic Trachoma in Tunisia II. A Controlled Therapy Trial of Topically Applied Chlortetracycline and Erythromycin","volume":"92","author":"Dawson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059001800204","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Topical Tetracycline and Oral Tetracycline in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Acne","volume":"18","author":"Burton","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"561","article-title":"Doxycycline, an Antibiotic or an Anti-Inflammatory Agent? The Most Common Uses in Dermatology","volume":"111","year":"2020","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000017846","article-title":"An Overview of Topical Antibiotics for Acne Treatment","volume":"196","author":"Toyoda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.10.004","article-title":"Tetracyclines: Nonantibiotic Properties and Their Clinical Implications","volume":"54","author":"Sapadin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000354888","article-title":"Azelaic Acid: Properties and Mode of Action","volume":"27","author":"Sieber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Skin. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.108318","article-title":"Combination Azelaic Acid Therapy for Acne Vulgaris","volume":"43","author":"Webster","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14836","article-title":"Systematic Review of Clinical Studies Assessing the Needling for Treatment of Melasma: Focusing on Efficacy, Safety, and Recurrence Rate","volume":"21","author":"Behrangi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"43","article-title":"Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate: A Multifunctional Skin Lightener","volume":"117","author":"Maramaldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cosmet. Toilet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1912\/1\/012041","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of the Cream Made from Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate as an Anti-Aging","volume":"1912","author":"Rohmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostrz\u0119bska, A., and Musia\u0142, W. (2020). The Influence of Increasing Concentrations of AMPD on the Efficacy of Its Penetration into a Model Skin Sebum Layer. Pharmaceutics, 12.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121228"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.1076","article-title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Interactions between Selected Alcoholamines and Model Skin Sebum Components","volume":"54","author":"Musial","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostrz\u0119bska, A., Z\u0142oci\u0144ska, A., and Musia\u0142, W. (2021). Evaluation of the Influence of a Hydrogel Containing AMPD on the Stability of Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Pharmaceutics, 13.","key":"ref_25","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091381"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2019.3.6","article-title":"Rheological and Textural Properties of Hydrogels, Containing Sulfur as a Model Drug, Made Using Different Polymers Types","volume":"64","author":"Winnicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polim. Polym."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varges, P.R., Costa, C.M., Fonseca, B.S., Naccache, M.F., and De Souza Mendes, P.R. (2019). Rheological Characterization of Carbopol \u00ae Dispersions in Water and in Water\/Glycerol Solutions. Fluids, 4.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids4010003"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-002-0808-7","article-title":"Rheological Properties and Microstructures of Carbopol Gel Network System","volume":"281","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.01.080","article-title":"Chemical and Microstructural Controls on Viscoplasticity in Carbopol Hydrogel","volume":"139","author":"Shafiei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"176","article-title":"Properties of Carbopol Solutions as Models for Yield-Stress Fluids","volume":"67","author":"Curran","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Food Eng. Phys. Prop."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostrz\u0119bska, A., P\u0105czek, K., Weselak, A., and Musia\u0142, W. (2023). Effect of Hydrogel Substrate Components on the Stability of Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Swelling Activity against Model Skin Sebum. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032678"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/microplastics3030024","article-title":"Study on the Fate of the Carbopol\u00ae Polymer in the Use of Hand Sanitizer Gels: An Experimental Model to Monitor Its Physical State from Product Manufacturing up to the Final Hand Rinse","volume":"3","author":"Marchetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microplastics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802","DOI":"10.1021\/la027012d","article-title":"In Situ FTIR-ATR Examination of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Adsorbed onto Hematite at Low PH","volume":"19","author":"Kirwan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Neutralizer-Carbomer and Surfactant-Carbomer Interactions in Aqueous, Hydroalcoholic, and Anhydrous Gel Formulations","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Pharm. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"8","article-title":"Qualitative Analysis of Environmentally Responsive Biodegradable Smart Carbopol Polymer","volume":"9","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"268","article-title":"FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Analyzing Sustained Release Hydrogel of Ciprofloxacin\/Carbopol Polymer","volume":"2","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJPSR"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09741","article-title":"Preparation of Fatty Acid-Amino Diol Condensate and Its Utilization as a Durable Nonionic Softener for PAN Fabrics","volume":"8","author":"Taleb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobry\u0144, J., Demski, P., Raszewski, B., Zi\u0119ba, T., and Musia\u0142, W. (2024). Effect of Co-Solvents, Modified Starch and Physical Parameters on the Solubility and Release Rate of Cryptotanshinone from Alcohologels. Molecules, 29.","key":"ref_38","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29245877"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.126","article-title":"Reutilization of the Expired Tetracycline for Lithium Ion Battery Anode","volume":"630","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(00)80959-7","article-title":"Chelates of Tetracycline with First Row Transition Metal Perchlorates","volume":"144","author":"Mikulski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Inorganica Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.08.007","article-title":"Enhanced Supersaturation of Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride by Amorphous Solid Dispersion","volume":"47","author":"Apiwongngam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.07.039","article-title":"hua Oxidative Degradation Kinetics and Products of Chlortetracycline by Manganese Dioxide","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4931(02)00217-5","article-title":"Spectroscopic Investigation of Tetracycline Interaction with Phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett Films","volume":"22","author":"Caminati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.2010.0580402","article-title":"FTIR and XRD Investigations of Tetracycline Intercalation in Smectites","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clays Clay Min."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2009.02.002","article-title":"Mechanism of Tetracycline Sorption on Rectorite","volume":"339","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v8i1.53297","article-title":"Interpretation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR): A Practical Approach in the Polymer\/Plastic Thermal Decomposition","volume":"8","author":"Nandiyanto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indones. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.200301727","article-title":"Monitoring Crystallization Kinetics of Azelaic Acid by in Situ FTIR Spectroscopy in Three-Phase Systems","volume":"26","author":"Nattkemper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2004.09.029","article-title":"Vibrational Spectrum of Glycine Molecule","volume":"61","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1111394","article-title":"Smart Approach to Evaluate Drug Diffusivity in Injectable Agar-Carbomer Hydrogels for Drug Delivery","volume":"115","author":"Santoro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13462","article-title":"A Global Perspective on the Epidemiology of Acne","volume":"172","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juhl, C.R., Bergholdt, H.K.M., Miller, I.M., Jemec, G.B.E., Kanters, J.K., and Ellervik, C. (2018). Dairy Intake and Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 78,529 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. Nutrients, 10.","key":"ref_51","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081049"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok, M., and Sobczak, M. (2020). Hydrogel-Based Active Substance Release Systems for Cosmetology and Dermatology Application: A Review. Pharmaceutics, 12.","key":"ref_52","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12050396"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S396990","article-title":"Medical Applications of Hydrogels in Skin Infections: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavla\u010dkov\u00e1, J., Pech\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, H., Egner, P., Mokrej\u0161, P., G\u00e1l, R., and Janal\u00edkov\u00e1, M. (2023). The Effect of Cosmetic Treatment and Gel Laser Therapy on the Improvement of Comedogenic Skin Type. Gels, 9.","key":"ref_54","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9050370"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1086\/367622","article-title":"Tetracycline Therapy: Update","volume":"36","author":"Roberts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4730.525","article-title":"Aureomycin: Its Topical Use In Some Skin Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Solomons","year":"1951","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.8.549","article-title":"A Double-Blind Comparison of Topical Therapy of Chlamydial Ocular Infection (TRIC Infection) with Rifampicin or Chlortetracycline","volume":"65","author":"Darougar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2017.1311398","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections (SSTI). A Literature Review and Consensus Statement: An Update","volume":"29","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16686","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Acne: Changes, Consequences and Concerns","volume":"35","author":"Karadag","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.3.4.557","article-title":"Current Use of Anti-Infectives in Dermatology","volume":"3","author":"Rohrback","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2165\/11319280-000000000-00000","article-title":"Minocycline in Acne Vulgaris Benefits and Risks","volume":"11","author":"Ochsendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, C.-Y., Ye, Y.-J., Xu, J., Li, L., Feng, X.-Q., Chen, N.-P., Zhu, B.-Q., Ding, Z.-S., and Qian, C.-D. (2023). Hinokitiol Selectively Enhances the Antibacterial Activity of Tetracyclines against Staphylococcus Aureus. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","key":"ref_63","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03205-22"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luhaibi, D.K., Ali, H.H.M., Al-Ani, I., Shalan, N., Al-Akayleh, F., Al-Remawi, M., Nasereddin, J., Qinna, N.A., Al-Adham, I., and Khanfar, M. (2023). The Formulation and Evaluation of Deep Eutectic Vehicles for the Topical Delivery of Azelaic Acid for Acne Treatment. Molecules, 28.","key":"ref_64","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196927"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2011.00598.x","article-title":"Clinical and Instrumental Assessment of the Effects of a New Product Based on Hydroxypropyl Chitosan and Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate in the Management of Rosacea","volume":"11","author":"Berardesca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.17219\/pim\/196256","article-title":"Anti-Acne Preparations Containing Tetracycline, Azelaic Acid and Azeloglycine: Optimization of Stability and Physicochemical Properties","volume":"54","author":"Szczepaniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polim. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.10.015","article-title":"Stability of Metronidazole, Tetracycline HCl and Famotidine Alone and in Combination","volume":"290","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(98)00268-4","article-title":"Determination of Tetracycline and Its Major Degradation Products by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection","volume":"18","author":"Pena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2016.02.015","article-title":"Thermal Decomposition of Tetracycline and Chlortetracycline","volume":"118","author":"Cervini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"263","article-title":"Tetracyclines and Their Epimers in Animal Tissues by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"53","author":"Gajda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.03.073","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Tetracyclines and Their Degradation Products in Environmental Waters by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"1216","author":"Jia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-001-0017-2","article-title":"Toxicity of Tetracyclines and Tetracycline Degradation Products to Environmentally Relevant Bacteria, Including Selected Tetracycline-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"42","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.169","article-title":"Abiotic Transformation Products of Tetracycline and Chlortetracycline in Salt Solutions and Manure","volume":"224","author":"Fokuhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00668-6","article-title":"Determination of Tetracycline and Its Major Degradation Products by Chemiluminescence","volume":"405","author":"Pena","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600631215","article-title":"Kinetics of Dehydration of Epitetracycline in Solution","volume":"63","author":"Hoener","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600531234","article-title":"Determination of Anhydrotetracycline and 4-Epianhydrotetracycline in a Tetracycline Mixture","volume":"53","author":"Kelly","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00210a038","article-title":"Anhydrotetracycline Is a Major Product of Tetracycline Photolysis","volume":"50","author":"Hasan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1039\/p29790000369","article-title":"Photochemical Oxidation of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solution","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00085a052","article-title":"Photodecomposition Products of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solution","volume":"37","author":"Oka","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(98)00280-5","article-title":"Iso- and Epi-Iso-Chlortetracycline Are the Principal Metabolites of Chlortetracycline in the Hen\u2019s Egg","volume":"812","author":"Kennedy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.01.096","article-title":"Tetracycline Degradation in Aqueous Phase by Ultraviolet Radiation","volume":"187","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.2435","article-title":"Photodegradation of Tetracyclines in Aqueous Solution by Using UV and UV\/H2O2 Oxidation Processes","volume":"85","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00295a042","article-title":"Lumitetracycline: A Novel New Tetracycline Photoproduct","volume":"55","author":"Drexel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12263531","article-title":"Mechanism of Tetracycline Phototoxicity","volume":"83","author":"Hasan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.2.7811","article-title":"Epidermal Surface Lipids","volume":"1","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Derm. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-009-9411-0","article-title":"Fabrication, Characterisation and Tribological Investigation of Artificial Skin Surface Lipid Films","volume":"34","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700015-JLR200","article-title":"Skin Lipids. Sebaceous Gland Lipids: Friend or Foe?","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2006.05.011","article-title":"Dissolution of Materials in Artificial Skin Surface Film Liquids","volume":"20","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.11.006","article-title":"The Mechanism of Skin Lipids Influencing Skin Status","volume":"89","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2021.105055","article-title":"Skin Lipids in Health and Disease: A Review","volume":"236","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00561.x","article-title":"Formulation and Stability of a Novel Artificial Sebum under Conditions of Storage and Use","volume":"32","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(02)00195-9","article-title":"Preliminary Assessment of Alginic Acid as a Factor Buffering Triethanolamine Interacting with Artificial Skin Sebum","volume":"55","author":"Musial","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5239\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:43:28Z","timestamp":1760031808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26115239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115239","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]}}}