{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:31:41Z","timestamp":1789115501800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANID\/FONDECYT), Chile","award":["1230410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1230410"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (ANID\/FONDECYT), Chile","award":["PP24\u20130008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP24\u20130008"]}]},{"name":"ANID FONDEQUIP EQM200228","award":["1230410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1230410"]}]},{"name":"ANID FONDEQUIP EQM200228","award":["PP24\u20130008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP24\u20130008"]}]},{"name":"the Universidad de La Frontera","award":["1230410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1230410"]}]},{"name":"the Universidad de La Frontera","award":["PP24\u20130008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP24\u20130008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a process known as NETosis and is a critical innate immune response mechanism that can become pathologically dysregulated in various inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in NETosis induction, making antioxidants a promising therapeutic approach. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms underlying NET formation and highlights three principal antioxidant-based inhibitory strategies: NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibition, ROS scavenging, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibition. Evidence supports the use of agents such as diphenylene iodonium (NOX inhibitor), N-acetylcysteine and glutathione (ROS scavengers), and thiocyanate (MPO inhibitor), which significantly reduce NETosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, natural compounds like resveratrol show pleiotropic effects by modulating neutrophil activation, ROS production, and protease activity. Combination therapies that enhance total antioxidant capacity are particularly effective, though their translation to clinical practice faces challenges such as stimulus specificity, bioavailability, and maintaining immune competence. Antioxidant-based therapies thus represent a promising avenue for targeted NETosis modulation. Future research should focus on improving delivery systems, identifying NET-specific biomarkers, and integrating antioxidants into broader immunomodulatory strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"5272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Antioxidants as Modulators of NETosis: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4840-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine\u2014Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT\u2014BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine\u2014Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT\u2014BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabel","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine\u2014Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT\u2014BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Hermosilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8649-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Taubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine\u2014Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT\u2014BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-020520-111016","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of NETosis","volume":"36","author":"Thiam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.162","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-457671","article-title":"NETosis: How vital is it?","volume":"122","author":"Yipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzouz, D., and Palaniyar, N. (2024). How Do ROS Induce NETosis? Oxidative DNA Damage, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Decondensation. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101307"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110065","article-title":"Autophagy-driven NETosis is a double-edged\u2014Review","volume":"126","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521080","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1521080","article-title":"Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection induces neutrophil autophagy-driven NETosis in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a037028","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a037028","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Host Defense","volume":"12","author":"Burgener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00366","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral","volume":"7","author":"Schonrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105779","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in inflammatory bowel diseases: Implications in pathogenesis and therapeutic targets","volume":"171","author":"Viana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"28","article-title":"Targeting NETosis: Nature\u2019s alarm system in cancer progression","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259241255439","article-title":"Myricetin reduces neutrophil extracellular trap release in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis, which is associated with a decrease in disease severity","volume":"30","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13356","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13356","article-title":"Determination of leucocyte extracellular traps (ETs) in seminal fluid (ex vivo) in infertile patients-A pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Schulz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.005","article-title":"Leukocytes coincubated with human sperm trigger classic neutrophil extracellular traps formation, reducing sperm motility","volume":"106","author":"Zambrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895216","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.895216","article-title":"Diverse Roles of NETosis in the Pathogenesis of Lupus","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42431","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Borne Elastase Prevents Inflammatory Relapse in Intercritical Gout","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar-Gonzalez, H., Zepeda-Hernandez, A., Melo, Z., Saavedra-Mayorga, D.E., and Echavarria, R. (2019). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Establishment and Progression of Renal Diseases. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080431"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957660","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.957660","article-title":"Neutrophils in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Mechanisms and implications for management","volume":"13","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-463646","article-title":"Thrombosis: Tangled up in NETs","volume":"123","author":"Martinod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507167","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1507167","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and macrophage activation contibute to thrombosis and post-covid syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"16","author":"Latre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac189","article-title":"Cholesterol accumulation in macrophages drives NETosis in atherosclerotic plaques via IL-1beta secretion","volume":"119","author":"Yalcinkaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.08.010","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to vasculitis by increased release of neutrophil extracellular traps in Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Safi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930553","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.930553","article-title":"The Contribution of Neutrophils and NETs to the Development of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Petrelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033815","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033815","article-title":"ROS and DNA repair in spontaneous versus agonist-induced NETosis: Context matters","volume":"13","author":"Azzouz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198716","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198716","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS and base excision repair steps leading to DNA nick formation drive ultraviolet induced-NETosis","volume":"14","author":"Azzouz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253698","article-title":"Circulating Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complexes as marker for Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) levels and the association with cardiovascular risk factors in the general population","volume":"16","author":"Donkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107162","article-title":"Inhibition of NETosis via PAD4 alleviated inflammation in giant cell myocarditis","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1178","article-title":"NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology","volume":"85","author":"Vorobjeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850416","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.850416","article-title":"Role of Cellular Metabolism in the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Airway Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Moran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414055112","article-title":"SK3 channel and mitochondrial ROS mediate NADPH oxidase-independent NETosis induced by calcium influx","volume":"112","author":"Douda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"424","article-title":"Reactive oxidants and myeloperoxidase and their involvement in neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"3","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707085","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.707085","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase Deficiency Alters the Process of the Regulated Cell Death of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils","volume":"13","author":"Kremserova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.06.044","article-title":"A myeloperoxidase-containing complex regulates neutrophil elastase release and actin dynamics during NETosis","volume":"8","author":"Metzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178ra140","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005580","article-title":"NETs are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Khandpur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0381-3","article-title":"Therapeutic ACPA inhibits NET formation: A potential therapy for neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"18","author":"Chirivi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S418259","article-title":"Role and Therapeutic Targeting Strategies of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170603","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1170603","article-title":"NETosis as an oncologic therapeutic target: A mini review","volume":"14","author":"Jaboury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135086","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1135086","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor progression and immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.94669","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Breast Cancer: Roles in Metastasis and Beyond","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01137-x","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NETosis positively regulate each other and exacerbate proinflammatory responses: Implications of NETosis inhibition for acne skin inflammation treatment","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2100091","article-title":"Inhibition of NETosis by a Nuclear-Penetrating Anti-DNA Autoantibody","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04315-x","article-title":"Inhibition of NETosis for treatment purposes: Friend or foe?","volume":"477","author":"Chamardani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad, M.H., Feng, L., Su, X., Brassard, A., Dhoparee-Doomah, I., Ferri, L.E., Spicer, J.D., and Cools-Lartigue, J.J. (2022). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051359"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Sanchez, G., Godinez-Mendez, L.A., Fafutis-Morris, M., and Delgado-Rizo, V. (2023). Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on NET Formation Induced by LPS In Vitro; the Roles of Vitamins E and C, Glutathione, and N-acetyl Cysteine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713162"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallberg, L.A.E., Barlous, K., and Hawkins, C.L. (2023). Antioxidant Strategies to Modulate NETosis and the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps during Chronic Inflammation. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020478"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1129-8","article-title":"The antidiabetic drug metformin blunts NETosis in vitro and reduces circulating NETosis biomarkers in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Menegazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.23-80","article-title":"Suppressive effect of resveratrol, catechin and their conformationally constrained analogs on neutrophil extracellular trap formation by HL-60-derived neutrophils","volume":"75","author":"Ohinata","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilski, R., and Nuszkiewicz, J. (2025). Antioxidant Therapies as Emerging Adjuncts in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Targeting Oxidative Stress to Enhance Treatment Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072873"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza Andrade, M.M., Leal, V.N.C., Fernandes, I.G., Gozzi-Silva, S.C., Beserra, D.R., Oliveira, E.A., Teixeira, F.M.E., Yendo, T.M., Sousa, M., and Teodoro, W.R. (2022). Resveratrol Downmodulates Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Generation by Neutrophils in Patients with Severe COVID-19. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091690"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.09.005","article-title":"Effects of the antioxidants Trolox, Tiron and Tempol on neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"221","author":"Vorobjeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0415-165RR","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is elicited in response to cold physical plasma","volume":"100","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01557-6","article-title":"Proanthocyanidin Regulates NETosis and Inhibits the Growth and Proliferation of Liver Cancer Cells\u2014In Vivo, In Vitro and In Silico Investigation","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00376","article-title":"Bonding the foe\u2014NETting neutrophils immobilize the pro-inflammatory monosodium urate crystals","volume":"3","author":"Schorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01881-6","article-title":"DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps promote NF-kappaB-dependent autoimmunity via cGAS\/TLR9 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003093","article-title":"Inhibition of NADPH oxidase blocks NETosis and reduces thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"5","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almasi, N., Torok, S., Al-Awar, A., Veszelka, M., Kiraly, L., Borzsei, D., Szabo, R., and Varga, C. (2023). Voluntary Exercise-Mediated Protection in TNBS-Induced Rat Colitis: The Involvement of NETosis and Prdx Antioxidants. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081531"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023450","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1023450","article-title":"(+)-Borneol inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular traps induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., D\u2019Ovidio, A., Tran, H., and Palaniyar, N. (2019). Anthracyclines Suppress Both NADPH Oxidase- Dependent and -Independent NETosis in Human Neutrophils. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091328"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.9b00142","article-title":"Development of a Water-Soluble Indolylmaleimide Derivative IM-93 Showing Dual Inhibition of Ferroptosis and NETosis","volume":"10","author":"Dodo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18302","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18302","article-title":"Classical ROS-dependent and early\/rapid ROS-independent release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps triggered by Leishmania parasites","volume":"5","author":"Rochael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.1","article-title":"Dying for a cause: NETosis, mechanisms behind an antimicrobial cell death modality","volume":"18","author":"Remijsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1159\/000235860","article-title":"DNase I inhibits a late phase of reactive oxygen species production in neutrophils","volume":"1","author":"Munafo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254838","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1254838","article-title":"DNases improve effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in murine polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Willemsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:44:21Z","timestamp":1760031861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26115272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]}}}