{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T05:56:13Z","timestamp":1772690173016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K11130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-fat diet (HFD) can lead to obesity and skeletal muscle atrophy. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) improves obesity and increases skeletal muscle mass. This study examined whether SG prevented skeletal muscle atrophy in a diet-induced rat obesity rat model. First, 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical (sham-operated or SG) and dietary (standard, high-fat diet, or same pair feeding as SG [PF]) interventions without exercise. In the second experiment, treadmill exercise was added for 4 weeks post-SG (SG + Ex). In the third experiment, rats received an adiponectin receptor agonist (AdipoRon) injection. The HFD induced weight gain and decreased muscle fiber area. SG + Ex reversed these levels, followed by increases in adiponectin in the blood and skeletal muscle and myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD) and decreased peri-muscular adipose tissue (PMAT) mass, but SG alone did not. No similar changes were observed in the PF group, with or without exercise. Injection of AdipoRon had a similar effect on skeletal muscle and PMAT as SG + Ex. The combination of SG and exercise, but not calorie restriction alone, had better impacts on skeletal muscle and PMAT than SG or exercise alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"5294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Treadmill Exercise on Skeletal Muscle and Ectopic Fat in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6397-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takaaki","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5100-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3190-1146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koro","family":"Gotoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Sada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shotaro","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0387-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Ozeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2022-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2378-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Masaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6506-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/35007508","article-title":"Obesity as a medical problem","volume":"404","author":"Kopelman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.H., and Choi, K.M. (2020). Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020494"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000001062","article-title":"Detecting sarcopenia in obesity: Emerging new approaches","volume":"27","author":"Zanetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S164113","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and cognitive performance","volume":"13","author":"Tolea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0123-9","article-title":"Associations of Sarcopenic Obesity and Dynapenic Obesity with Bone Mineral Density and Incident Fractures Over 5\u201310 Years in Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"99","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12652","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: A population-based cohort study of older men","volume":"62","author":"Atkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06824-8","article-title":"Long-Term Results of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Review of Studies Reporting 10+ Years Outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Vitiello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600869","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes\u20145-Year Outcomes","volume":"376","author":"Schauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2016.10.006","article-title":"Long-term results after sleeve gastrectomy: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Juodeikis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozeki, Y., Masaki, T., Yoshida, Y., Okamoto, M., Anai, M., Gotoh, K., Endo, Y., Ohta, M., Inomata, M., and Shibata, H. (2018). Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Results for Estimating Body Composition Are Associated with Glucose Metabolism Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Obese Japanese Patients. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101456"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozeki, Y., Masaki, T., Miyamoto, S., Yoshida, Y., Okamoto, M., Gotoh, K., Endo, Y., Inomata, M., and Shibata, H. (2024). Positive Changes in Body Composition and Profiles of Individuals with Diabetes 3 Years Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Japanese Patients with Obesity. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223926"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"583","article-title":"The risk of sarcopenia 24 months after bariatric surgery\u2014Assessment by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA): A prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Soltes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Videosurg. Other Miniinvasive Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"37","article-title":"Muscle adaptation to sleeve gastrectomy: Potential role of nutritional supplementation and physical exercise","volume":"69","author":"Saber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0255","article-title":"Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity","volume":"257","author":"Arita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-019-04295-4","article-title":"Adiponectin\/SIRT1 Axis Induces White Adipose Browning After Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy of Obese Rats with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-015-0051-9","article-title":"Involvement of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of dystrophinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Lecompte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Jin, H., Chei, S., Oh, H.J., Lee, J.Y., and Lee, B.Y. (2020). Effect of Dietary Silk Peptide on Obesity, Hyperglycemia, and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020377"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhmedov, D., and Berdeaux, R. (2013). The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle regeneration. Front. Physiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00371"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.39","article-title":"Globular adiponectin induces differentiation and fusion of skeletal muscle cells","volume":"19","author":"Fiaschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.01.016","article-title":"Activation of autophagy by globular adiponectin is required for muscle differentiation","volume":"1863","author":"Gamberi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.11.011","article-title":"Function of the myogenic regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin and MRF4 in skeletal muscle, satellite cells and regenerative myogenesis","volume":"72","author":"Zammit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.067397","article-title":"The relationships of plasma adiponectin with a favorable lipid profile, decreased inflammation, and less ectopic fat accumulation depend on adiposity","volume":"52","author":"Kantartzis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12263","article-title":"Muscle ectopic fat deposition contributes to anabolic resistance in obese sarcopenic old rats through eIF2\u03b1 activation","volume":"13","author":"Tardif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Tian, Z., Torigoe, D., Zhao, J., Xie, P., Sugizaki, T., Sato, M., Horiguchi, H., Terada, K., and Kadomatsu, T. (2019). Aging- and obesity-related peri-muscular adipose tissue accelerates muscle atrophy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221366"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.10.003","article-title":"Circulating adiponectin increases in obese women after sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass driving beneficial metabolic changes but with no relationship with carotid intima-media thickness","volume":"37","author":"Balsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.01.139","article-title":"Impact of sleeve gastrectomy and dietary change on metabolic and hepatic function in an obesity rat model\u2014Experimental research","volume":"75","author":"Dohmen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Maldonado, A., Virgen-Ortiz, A., Lemus, M., Castro-Rodr\u00edguez, E., Cerna-Cort\u00e9s, J., Mu\u00f1iz, J., Montero, S., and Roces, E. (2019). Effects of Moderate- and High-Intensity Chronic Exercise on the Adiponectin Levels in Slow-Twitch and Fast-Twitch Muscles in Rats. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55060291"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2023.109240","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy: Literature review","volume":"195","author":"Macedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.04.018","article-title":"Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways","volume":"37","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16448","article-title":"FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity-induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin levels via the AMPK\/SIRT-1\/PGC-\u03b1 pathway","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13841","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13841","article-title":"Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin-mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity","volume":"26","author":"Mechanick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2025.2460986","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Mingxing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2018.22.4.427","article-title":"Concurrent treatment with ursolic acid and low-intensity treadmill exercise improves muscle atrophy and related outcomes in rats","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22443","article-title":"Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Blood Pressure and the Renal Renin-Angiotensin System in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"27","author":"Yoshida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:44:25Z","timestamp":1760031865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26115294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]}}}