{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:03:24Z","timestamp":1779134604288,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnosis in stroke patients is based mainly on clinical and radiological findings; therefore, there is a need for serological markers that can orient the clinician. Copeptin is a new blood marker for diagnosis and prognosis in several neurological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and multiple sclerosis. The aim of our study was to highlight the diagnostic value of copeptin in differentiating between stroke subtypes and stroke mimics. We performed a literature review by searching the PubMed and Scopus databases for papers with the following keywords: \u201cstroke AND copeptin AND differential\u201d. The PRISMA criteria were used. We identified 29 papers that met the criteria. We analyzed only original research articles, excluding reviews and only including those in English. Some studies did not find any significant differences between cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, but one study demonstrated significant correlations. All studies agreed that copeptin levels can help in differentiating stroke patients from stroke-free patients. Copeptin levels were correlated with prognostic scales For stroke mimics, copeptin levels were extremely broad and for vestibular disorders; it was shown that a normal level of copeptin excludes stroke. Copeptin is a new blood marker that can help clinicians in the acute neurological field. It may help in diagnosing stroke, in differentiating between stroke subtypes and stroke mimics, and in evaluating the prognosis of these patients, but further studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"5328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Copeptin as a New Blood-Based Marker for Differential Diagnosis in Stroke Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Antonia Ioana","family":"Vasile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Department, University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sorin","family":"Tu\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corin","family":"Badiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology IV Department, Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"768401","article-title":"Copeptin: Limited Usefulness in Early Stroke Differentiation?","volume":"2015","author":"Searle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-008-1086-1","article-title":"Plasma Levels of Copeptin in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"24","author":"Chai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685503","article-title":"C-Terminal Provasopressin (Copeptin) as a Novel and Prognostic Marker in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Leicester Acute Myocardial Infarction Peptide (LAMP) Study","volume":"115","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp098","article-title":"C-Terminal Provasopressin (Copeptin) Is a Strong Prognostic Marker in Patients with Heart Failure after an Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results from the OPTIMAAL Study","volume":"30","author":"Voors","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0b013e3180cab33f","article-title":"Endogenous Vasopressin and Copeptin Response in Multiple Trauma Patients","volume":"28","author":"Westermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.11.017","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Copeptin: One-Year Outcome in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2016.160532","article-title":"Copeptin Levels in Cerebral Infarction, Intracranial Hemorrhage and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"62","author":"Aksu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2022.0045","article-title":"The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Copeptin in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Blek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K.-S., Kim, H.J., Chun, H.-J., Kim, J.M., Yi, H.-J., Cheong, J.-H., Kim, C.-H., Oh, S.-J., Ko, Y., and Kim, Y.-S. (2015). Prognostic Role of Copeptin after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11665"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09509-9","article-title":"Vasopressin and Copeptin in Health and Disease","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029232","article-title":"Role of Blood-Based Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke Prognosis","volume":"52","author":"Montellano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"207","article-title":"Copeptin-a New Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Baranowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2010.00177.x","article-title":"Copeptin: A Biomarker of Cardiovascular and Renal Function","volume":"16","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2014.11.020","article-title":"Copeptin Is an Independent Predictor of Diabetic Heart Disease and Death","volume":"169","author":"Hedblad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000047622","article-title":"Evaluation of the Secretory Pattern of Plasma Arginine Vasopressin in Stroke Patients","volume":"11","author":"Barreca","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011021","article-title":"Copeptin and Long-Term Risk of Recurrent Vascular Events after Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: Population-Based Study","volume":"46","author":"Greisenegger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.060038","article-title":"Assay for the Measurement of Copeptin, a Stable Peptide Derived from the Precursor of Vasopressin","volume":"52","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"w13270","article-title":"The Use of Copeptin, the Stable Peptide of the Vasopressin Precursor, in the Differential Diagnosis of Sodium Imbalance in Patients with Acute Diseases","volume":"141","author":"Nigro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20080140","article-title":"Gender and Renal Function Influence Plasma Levels of Copeptin in Healthy Individuals","volume":"116","author":"Bhandari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.021","article-title":"Copeptin and Its Potential Role in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Various Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Dobsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R213","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9336","article-title":"Copeptin and Risk Stratification in Patients with Acute Dyspnea","volume":"14","author":"Potocki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12132","article-title":"Plasma Copeptin and Long-Term Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2021.102167","article-title":"Role of Copeptin in the Diagnosis of Traumatic Neuroendocrine Dysfunction","volume":"89","author":"Turliuc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182887944","article-title":"Copeptin Adds Prognostic Information after Ischemic Stroke: Results from the CoRisk Study","volume":"80","author":"Katan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasile, A.I., Tiu, C., and Badiu, C. (2024). Copeptin as Biomarker for Acute Ischemic Stroke Prognosis and Revascularization Treatment Efficacy. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1447355"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azhari, H.F. (2024). Advancing Stroke Diagnosis and Management through Nuclear Medicine: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1425965"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21783","article-title":"Copeptin: A Novel, Independent Prognostic Marker in Patients with Ischemic Stroke","volume":"66","author":"Katan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, E., Kim, H., Cho, B., Lee, J.-J., Shin, S., Oh, E.-J., and Chae, H. (2023). Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide: Potential Biomarkers to Differentiate Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172757"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007677003387","article-title":"Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: GFAP-Thirty-One Years (1969\u20132000)","volume":"25","author":"Eng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-010-0040-6","article-title":"Astroglial Proteins as Diagnostic Markers of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage\u2014Pathophysiological Background and Clinical Findings","volume":"1","author":"Brunkhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9316162","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9316162","article-title":"Association between Serum Copeptin and Stroke in Rural Areas of Northern China: A Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"2018","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.035","article-title":"Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Copeptin, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Concentrations among West African Stroke Subjects Compared with Stroke-Free Controls","volume":"27","author":"Sarfo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2012.01.011","article-title":"Copeptin Is Associated with One-Year Mortality and Functional Outcome in Patients with Acute Spontaneous Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zweifel, C., Katan, M., Schuetz, P., Siegemund, M., Morgenthaler, N.G., Merlo, A., Mueller, B., and Christ-Crain, M. (2010). Copeptin Is Associated with Mortality and Outcome in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. BMC Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-34"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.JNS16615","article-title":"Reduction of Inflammation after Administration of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Results of the Subcutaneous Interleukin-1Ra in SAH (SCIL-SAH) Study","volume":"128","author":"Galea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.589275","article-title":"Definition of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as an Outcome Event in Clinical Trials and Observational Studies: Proposal of a Multidisciplinary Research Group","volume":"41","author":"Vergouwen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.007","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Copeptin in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"330","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung, C., de Marchis, G.M., Katan, M., Seiler, M., Arnold, M., Gralla, J., Raabe, A., and Beck, J. (2013). Copeptin as a Marker for Severity and Prognosis of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053191"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R288","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10575","article-title":"Detection of Copeptin in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-019-0651-1","article-title":"Value of Copeptin and the S-100b Protein Assay in Ruling out the Diagnosis of Stroke-Induced Dizziness Pattern in Emergency Departments","volume":"27","author":"Deboevere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"280","article-title":"Physiopathologie de La Prot\u00e9ine S-100 \u03b2: Int\u00e9r\u00eat de Son Dosage En Biologie Clinique","volume":"17","author":"Beaudeux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immuno-Anal. Biol. Sp\u00e9c."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Und\u00e9n, L., Calcagnile, O., Und\u00e9n, J., Reinstrup, P., and Bazarian, J. (2015). Validation of the Scandinavian Guidelines for Initial Management of Minimal, Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0533-y"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-9019-x","article-title":"S100 as a Marker of Acute Brain Ischemia: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Nash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1331","article-title":"Vasopressin Amplifies the Production of Proinflammatory Mediators in Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000363569","article-title":"Serum Protein S100\u03b2 Is a Diagnostic Biomarker for Distinguishing Posterior Circulation Stroke from Vertigo of Nonvascular Causes","volume":"72","author":"Purrucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009877","article-title":"Copeptin Levels in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Stroke Mimics","volume":"46","author":"Wendt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204041.13466.4c","article-title":"Distinguishing between Stroke and Mimic at the Bedside: The Brain Attack Study","volume":"37","author":"Hand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000504475","article-title":"Hyponatremia in Acute Stroke Patients: Pathophysiology, Clinical Significance, and Management Options","volume":"82","author":"Liamis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","article-title":"Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hyponatremia: Expert Panel Recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Verbalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-1020","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatraemia","volume":"170","author":"Spasovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007101118","article-title":"Cerebral Salt Wasting Versus SIADH: What Difference?","volume":"19","author":"Sterns","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065181","article-title":"Tolvaptan, a Selective Oral Vasopressin V2-Receptor Antagonist, for Hyponatremia","volume":"355","author":"Schrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.179038","article-title":"Recent Advances and Future Directions in Preclinical Research of Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP) Receptor Blocker Conivaptan in the Context of Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Zeynalov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Jia, Y., and Zhu, B. (2019). BNP and NT-proBNP as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Cardiac Dysfunction in Both Clinical and Forensic Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081820"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u0107ka, S., Jakubiak, G.K., and Pawlas, N. (2025). Procalcitonin: Infection or Maybe Something More? Noninfectious Causes of Increased Serum Procalcitonin Concentration: Updated Knowledge. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15030446"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"E1517","article-title":"A Novel Biomarker-Based Prognostic Score in Acute Ischemic Stroke: The CoRisk Score","volume":"92","author":"Dankowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.09.005","article-title":"Immunoluminometric assay for copeptin measurement in cerebrospinal fluid: Technical aspects and pilot study","volume":"490","author":"Mindt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ion, A., Stafie, C., Mitu, O., Ciobanu, C.E., Halitchi, D.I., Costache, A.D., Bobric, C., Troase, R., Mitu, I., and Huzum, B. (2021). Biomarkers Utility: At the Borderline between Cardiology and Neurology. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd8110139"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0421-5","article-title":"Copeptin\u2014Marker of Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"16","author":"Searle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:45:22Z","timestamp":1760031922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/11\/5328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26115328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26115328","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}