{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:00:40Z","timestamp":1775142040901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_197578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_197578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tendon ruptures have recently reached incidences of 18\u201335 cases\/100,000 and often lead to adhesion formation during healing. Furthermore, scar formation may result in inferior biomechanics and often leads to re-ruptures. To address these problems, we cultivated rabbit adipose-derived stem cells in a co-culture with rabbit Achilles tenocytes and harvested their secretome. Following a cell-free approach, we incorporated such secretome into an electrospun tube via emulsion electrospinning. These novel implants were characterized by SEM, the WCA, and FTIR. Then, they were implanted in the rabbit Achilles tendon full transection model with an additional injection of secretome, and the adhesion extent as well as the biomechanics of extracted tendons were assessed three weeks postoperatively. The fiber thickness was around 3\u20135 \u03bcm, the pore size 11\u201313 \u03bcm, and the tube wall thickness approximately 265 \u03bcm. The WCA indicated slightly hydrophilic surfaces in the secretome-containing layer, with values of 80\u201390\u00b0. In vivo experiments revealed a significant reduction in adhesion formation (\u221222%) when secretome-treated tendons were compared to DegraPol\u00ae (DP) tube-treated tendons (no secretome). Furthermore, the cross-sectional area was significantly smaller in secretome-treated tendons compared to DP tube-treated ones (\u221232%). The peak load and stiffness of secretome-treated tendons were not significantly different from native tendons, while tendons treated with pure DP tubes exhibited significantly lower values. We concluded that secretome treatment supports tendon healing, with anti-adhesion effects and improved biomechanics at 3 weeks, making this approach interesting for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1749208111000},"page":"5457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electrospun DegraPol Tube Delivering Stem Cell\/Tenocyte Co-Culture-Derived Secretome to Transected Rabbit Achilles Tendon\u2014In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9295-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Rieber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Miescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9978-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Wolint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Meier B\u00fcrgisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Grigioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess G.","family":"Snedeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Biomechanics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viola","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Giovanoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Calcagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Buschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337871","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2337871","article-title":"The current status of various preclinical therapeutic approaches for tendon repair","volume":"56","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. 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