{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:33:17Z","timestamp":1780543997120,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["NG170\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NG170\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["PR905\/20-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR905\/20-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["PR905\/19-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR905\/19-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["TE599\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TE599\/9-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin ligases (RBULs) provide a link between RNA metabolic processes and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). In humans, RBULs are involved in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as sexual development. To date, little is known about their role in the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria tropica. We previously identified a novel P. falciparum RBUL, the RING finger E3 ligase PfRNF1, which is highly expressed during gametocyte development. Here, we conducted BioID-based proximity interaction studies to unveil the PfRNF1 interactome. We show that in immature gametocytes, PfRNF1 forms an interaction network that is mainly composed of RNA-binding proteins, including the translational repressors DOZI and CITH and members of the CCR4-NOT complex, as well as UPS-related proteins. In particular, PfRNF1 interacts with recently identified regulators of sexual development like the zinc finger protein PfMD3, with which it shares the majority of interactors. The common interactome of PfRNF1 and PfMD3 comprises several uncharacterized proteins predominantly expressed in male or female gametocytes. Our results demonstrate that PfRNF1 engages with RNA-binding proteins crucial for sex determination in gametocytes, thereby linking posttranscriptional regulation with the UPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T06:46:01Z","timestamp":1749451561000},"page":"5470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Plasmodium falciparum RING Finger Protein PfRNF1 Forms an Interaction Network with Regulators of Sexual Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Afia","family":"Farrukh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherihan","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8031-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"Distler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3034-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Tenzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Pradel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che Julius","family":"Ngwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, January 23). 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