{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:48:08Z","timestamp":1791092888199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["DP150101565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP150101565"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["DP190102555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190102555"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["J.0146.17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J.0146.17"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["T.0217.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T.0217.18"]}]},{"name":"Fond National de Recherche Scientifique Belgium","award":["DP150101565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP150101565"]}]},{"name":"Fond National de Recherche Scientifique Belgium","award":["DP190102555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190102555"]}]},{"name":"Fond National de Recherche Scientifique Belgium","award":["J.0146.17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J.0146.17"]}]},{"name":"Fond National de Recherche Scientifique Belgium","award":["T.0217.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T.0217.18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transposable elements (TEs) make up around half of the human genome. Their transcription is repressed in most somatic cells to maintain genome integrity and function. The repression is chiefly maintained by a combination of epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, recent research suggests that liver steatosis is associated with extensive changes to the hepatocyte epigenome. Furthermore, studies in mice have reported diet- and drug-induced changes to TE transcript levels in liver. The confirmation of these effects in human liver has not previously been undertaken. Here, we examined TE transcription in liver tissue from three patient cohorts with histologically confirmed liver steatosis caused by alcohol consumption or metabolic dysfunction. The quantitation of the number of transcripts with TE-homology in RNA-Seq data from a cohort of 90 bariatric surgery patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) revealed a trend for the reduction in TEs of all classes due to increasing steatosis, but no effect of fibrosis. This pattern was also present in a separate cohort of MASLD and HCC patients, as RT-qPCR also showed a reduction in Alu element transcripts in advanced steatosis, but again, no effect of fibrosis. Contrastingly, in a cohort of alcohol-related liver disease patients, the reduction in LINE-1 transcripts was associated with either increased steatosis or increased fibrosis. Moreover, the examination of LINE-1 DNA methylation levels in the MASLD and HCC cohort indicated that DNA methylation was also negatively associated with LINE-1 transcription in MASLD. This study suggests that TE transcript levels in human liver are slightly reduced by steatosis, that DNA methylation is an influential epigenetic regulator of LINE-1 retrotransposon transcription in steatosis, and that Alu transcript levels in background liver could be a new biomarker for HCC in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T06:46:01Z","timestamp":1749451561000},"page":"5494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-Cohort Exploration of Repetitive Element Transcription and DNA Methylation in Human Steatotic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0690-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil A.","family":"Youngson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Foundation for Liver Research and King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Tourna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Foundation for Liver Research and King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1119-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Bataller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koroush S.","family":"Haghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales School of Medicine Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay E.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Chokshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, Foundation for Liver Research and King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9NT, UK"},{"name":"Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Starkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Western","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash 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