{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1791033803160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Education","award":["0912\/SBAD\/2510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0912\/SBAD\/2510"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Education","award":["UMO-2018\/31\/D\/ST8\/02434 5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/31\/D\/ST8\/02434 5"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre (Poland)","award":["0912\/SBAD\/2510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0912\/SBAD\/2510"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre (Poland)","award":["UMO-2018\/31\/D\/ST8\/02434 5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/31\/D\/ST8\/02434 5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies to enhance treatment efficacy. This study investigates the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as a drug delivery system, using ciprofloxacin as a model compound and utilizing a 3D spheroid model of bladder cancer that better reflects in vivo tumour conditions. The encapsulation efficiency of ciprofloxacin was optimized on the appropriate mass ratio of chitosan to cross-linking tripolyphosphate (TPP) polyanion. The resulting spherical chitosan nanocapsules loaded with ciprofloxacin demonstrated improved stability and controlled drug release, addressing the limitations of non-encapsulated ciprofloxacin. In 3D T24 bladder cancer spheroids, encapsulated ciprofloxacin exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity compared to free-drug formulations, with significant effects observed at ciprofloxacin concentrations of 500 and 1000 \u03bcM after 48 and 72 h of exposure. The 3D spheroid model, which better mimics the tumour microenvironment than 2D cultures, enabled a more accurate drug efficacy evaluation. The results demonstrate that chitosan nanocapsules can improve the delivery and cytotoxic profile of ciprofloxacin in vitro, indicating their potential for further development as carriers in localized bladder cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T03:54:18Z","timestamp":1749527658000},"page":"5530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation of Anti-Cancer Properties of Nano-Encapsulated Ciprofloxacin Using 3D Cancer Cell Spheroids as Tumour Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Kabalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9834-6293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Matulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Tylkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, ul. Sk\u0142odowskiej Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Eurecat, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, Unitat de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica, Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 2, 43007 Tarrgona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Wo\u017aniak-Budych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Staszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. 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