{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T03:09:07Z","timestamp":1778296147710,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LAPIX Therapeutics Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are characterized by a loss of self-tolerance, driven by diminished regulatory T cell (Treg) function and elevated Th1\/Th17 responses. Existing therapies broadly suppress the immune system without correcting this imbalance, often leading to adverse effects. LPX3, a novel small-molecule T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3 and 4 (Tim-3\/4) receptor agonist, was developed to restore immune tolerance via Treg induction. In this study, LPX3 was formulated into a liposomal oral delivery system, enabling efficient uptake through the gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic targeting. In vitro and in vivo analyses confirmed LPX3\u2019s ability to expand CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in a dose-dependent manner. In a MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS, both prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration of LPX3 significantly delayed disease onset, reduced symptom severity, and improved survival. Importantly, efficacy was achieved without antigen co-delivery, indicating an antigen-independent mechanism of immune modulation. LPX3 liposomes showed deep lymph node penetration and colocalization with immune cells, supporting its functional delivery to key immunological sites. These findings suggest LPX3 is a promising candidate for treating autoimmune diseases by re-establishing immune regulation through oral, antigen-agnostic tolerance induction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:11:49Z","timestamp":1749532309000},"page":"5531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Breaking the Triad: Immune Tolerance Induction Without Antigen Co-Presentation via Tim Agonist for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Basel","family":"Karzoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAPIX Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulraouf","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAPIX Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Allababidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAPIX Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anas M.","family":"Fathallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAPIX Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0892-8","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis","volume":"14","author":"Danikowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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