{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:41:15Z","timestamp":1789544475070,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the degradation of its components in a controlled endoproteolytic manner. Beyond ECM degradation, MMPs also target plasma membrane proteins implicated in signaling cascades and the progression of disease. Structurally, the catalytic function of MMPs is dependent on metal ions such as Zn2+. ECM remodeling by MMPs supports processes including tissue growth, morphogenesis, elongation, and adaptation to environmental changes occurring under both physiological and pathological conditions. These activities are subject to tight regulation by cellular MMP enzymes. While the current body of research has primarily centered on the functions of MMPs and their roles in cancer biology, knowledge of their involvement in vascular disease, endometriosis, fibrotic eye disease, epithelial cell differentiation, and the actions of MMP inhibitors remains comparatively sparse. This review explores the roles of MMPs in vascular disease and endometriosis, particularly as they relate to the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue. In addition, we summarize evidence regarding their contributions to disease mechanisms, with a focus on pathological progression. Due to their significant therapeutic promise in a variety of human diseases, advancing our understanding of MMP biology is likely to facilitate progress in clinical application and the development of novel interventions. This review also evaluates advances in the development and therapeutic potential of MMP inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T09:59:14Z","timestamp":1749549554000},"page":"5553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Differentiation, Vascular Disease, Endometriosis, and Ocular Fibrotic Pterygium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonwoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Do","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0360-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Hsi","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheorl-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867329666220823112731","article-title":"Physiological Properties, Functions, and Trends in the Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Inflammation-Mediated Human Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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