{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:49:14Z","timestamp":1791560954769,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is evidence that calcitriol is the only biologically active vitamin D metabolite. This review summarizes data on the regulation of renal and extrarenal synthesis of calcitriol by nutritional, physiologic, mechanical, genetic, and disease-related factors. Relatively low circulating calcitriol due to low substrate availability, i.e., low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, has been reported in nutritional rickets, osteomalacia, obesity, and preeclampsia. In these situations, vitamin D supplementation can increase circulating calcitriol and, together with calcium, prevent rickets\/osteomalacia and reduce the risk of preeclampsia and obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the correction of low circulating calcitriol due to mechanical unloading\/immobilization by vitamin D supplementation is not effective in preventing osteoporotic fractures. Circulating calcitriol is also low in diseases such as cardiac and renal failure. Both illnesses share some other similarities regarding dysregulated calcium\/phosphate metabolism, including elevated parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23, suggesting similar treatment strategies. Genetic disorders of vitamin D metabolism are rare and can affect circulating calcitriol differently. Calcitriol synthesis in immune cells is obviously not primarily dependent on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which challenges the use of vitamin D for infection prevention. Since various factors can differently influence calcitriol regulation, more personalized preventive\/therapeutic strategies of targeting calcitriol synthesis are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T03:44:58Z","timestamp":1749613498000},"page":"5570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Regulation of Renal and Extrarenal Calcitriol Synthesis and Its Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6085-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Zittermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart & Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by muscle and fat cells","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Abboud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01187","article-title":"Vitamin D Stored in Fat Tissue During a 5-Year Intervention Affects Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels the Following Year","volume":"102","author":"Martinaityte","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.213","article-title":"History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites","volume":"3","author":"DeLuca","year":"2014","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"E298","article-title":"1- but not 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D is required for skeletal mineralization in rats","volume":"244","author":"Jarnagin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"E290","article-title":"1- but not 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D is required for growth and reproduction in rats","volume":"244","author":"Jarnagin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90283-4","article-title":"Metabolites of vitamin D in human vitamin-D deficiency: Effect of vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol","volume":"316","author":"Papapoulos","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8501435","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8501435","article-title":"Measurement of Circulating 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D: Comparison of an Automated Method with a Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method","volume":"2016","author":"Zittermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803193381201","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients","volume":"338","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.544","article-title":"Seasonal deficiency of vitamin D in children: A potential target for osteoporosis-preventing strategies?","volume":"13","author":"Docio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0580523","article-title":"The metabolism of a physiological dose of radioactive cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) to its hydroxylated metabolites in man","volume":"58","author":"Stanbury","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Ahmed, S.F., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., and Dungan, K. (2021). Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action. Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). The activating enzymes of vitamin D metabolism (25- and 1a-hydroxylases). Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Relevant lab values in adults and children. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.06.007","article-title":"Calciotropic and phosphaturic hormones in heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Zittermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91623-7_5","article-title":"Vitamin D and Phosphate Interactions in Health and Disease","volume":"1362","author":"Akimbekov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.07.012","article-title":"Characterization of vitamin D-mediated induction of the CYP 24 transcription","volume":"226","author":"Tashiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aberger, S., Schreiber, N., Pilz, S., Eller, K., Rosenkranz, A.R., and Kirsch, A.H. (2024). Targeting Calcitriol Metabolism in Acute Vitamin D Toxicity-A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Insight. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810003"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). CYP24A1: Structure, function, and physiological role. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 5."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.6.1726","article-title":"Postprandial parathyroid hormone response to four calcium-rich foodstuffs","volume":"65","author":"Wiersma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, US National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department of Health and Human Services (2025, May 20). Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Appendix E-2.1: Usual Intake Distributions, 2007\u20132010, by Age\/Gender Groups, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015-binder\/meeting2\/docs\/refMaterials\/Usual_Intake_072013.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoy, M.K., and Goldman, J.D. (2014). Calcium intake of the U.S. population: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009\u20132010, FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet], Dietary Data Brief No. 13.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.621.7"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70401-9","article-title":"Pathophysiology of calcium metabolism in children with vitamin D-deficiency rickets","volume":"126","author":"Kruse","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206240","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3206240","article-title":"The Biphasic Effect of Vitamin D on the Musculoskeletal and Cardiovascular System","volume":"2017","author":"Zittermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03299-2","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold and risk of rickets in young children: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to inform the development of dietary requirements for vitamin D","volume":"63","author":"Thacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Vitamin D deficiency and nutritional rickets in infants and children. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 63."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.02.011","article-title":"Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of nutritional rickets\u2014A multivariable re-analysis of a case-control study","volume":"117","author":"Fischer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05328-w","article-title":"Rickets guidance: Part I\u2014Diagnostic workup","volume":"37","author":"Hafner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"163","article-title":"Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in cases of osteomalacia, parathyroid dysfunction and idiopathic hypercalciuria","volume":"54","author":"Audran","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Rhum. Mal. Osteoartic."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.7.624","article-title":"Low serum levels of 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D and histomorphometric evidence of osteomalacia after jejunoileal bypass for obesity","volume":"21","author":"Mosekilde","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"212","article-title":"Formation of vitamin D metabolites following correction of human vitamin D deficiency: Observations in patients with nutritional osteomalacia","volume":"5","author":"Stanbury","year":"1981","journal-title":"Miner. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.244913","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D or Activated Vitamin D on Circulating 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"61","author":"Zittermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003189","article-title":"Determinants of parathyroid hormone response to vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"114","author":"Moslehi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00725-0","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on fibroblast growth factor 23: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"75","author":"Zittermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.18.2336","article-title":"Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake","volume":"294","author":"Steingrimsdottir","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-008-0700-4","article-title":"Serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D is inversely associated with body mass index","volume":"47","author":"Konradsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0634-3","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation, body weight and human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Zittermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10397","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10397","article-title":"Obesity Represses CYP2R1, the Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase, in the Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues","volume":"4","author":"Elkhwanky","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.23","article-title":"Vitamin D status and response to Vitamin D(3) in obese vs. non-obese African American children","volume":"16","author":"Rajakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2473-8","article-title":"A parallel group double-blind RCT of vitamin D3 assessing physical function: Is the biochemical response to treatment affected by overweight and obesity?","volume":"25","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhagatwala, J., Zhu, H., Parikh, S.J., Guo, D.H., Kotak, I., Huang, Y., Havens, R., Pham, M., Afari, E., and Kim, S. (2015). Dose and time responses of vitamin D biomarkers to monthly vitamin D3 supplementation in overweight\/obese African Americans with suboptimal vitamin d status: A placebo controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Obes., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40608-015-0056-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3574-y","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholecalciferol response to single oral cholecalciferol loading in the normal weight, overweight, and obese","volume":"27","author":"Camozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03895-0","article-title":"Impact of BMI on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with calcifediol supplementation in young adults: A longitudinal study","volume":"86","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1039","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor-23 relationship to dietary phosphate and renal phosphate handling in healthy young men","volume":"90","author":"Ferrari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0021","article-title":"Dietary phosphorus regulates serum fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations in healthy men","volume":"91","author":"Antoniucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060507","article-title":"Regulation of C-terminal and intact FGF-23 by dietary phosphate in men and women","volume":"21","author":"Burnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs405","article-title":"Responsiveness of FGF-23 and mineral metabolism to altered dietary phosphate intake in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Results of a randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Sigrist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-024-03046-4","article-title":"Controlled dietary phosphate loading in healthy young men elevates plasma phosphate and FGF23 levels","volume":"477","author":"Gerber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2018.037","article-title":"Role of Magnesium in vitamin D activation and function","volume":"118","author":"Uwitonze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03559-9","article-title":"Association between magnesium and vitamin D status in adults with high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency","volume":"64","author":"Zittermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111674","article-title":"The effect of combined magnesium and vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status, systemic inflammation, and blood pressure: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial","volume":"99\u2013100","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy274","article-title":"Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: Results from a randomized trial","volume":"108","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2457859","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57859","article-title":"Exercise Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Older Adults with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Soong","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.4495","article-title":"Association of Exercise Preconditioning with Immediate Cardioprotection: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Thijssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70017","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70017","article-title":"Effects of 8\u2009Weeks of Moderate- or High-Volume Strength Training on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Handling in Elite Female and Male Rowers","volume":"35","author":"Mazza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjad003","article-title":"Load carriage exercise increases calcium absorption and retention in healthy young women","volume":"39","author":"Nakayama","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02624-4","article-title":"Low vitamin D status: A contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure?","volume":"41","author":"Zittermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.17.6.574","article-title":"Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress","volume":"17","author":"Montain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230001132","article-title":"Exercise-trained young men have higher calcium absorption rates and plasma calcitriol levels compared with age-matched sedentary controls","volume":"67","author":"Zittermann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.19.2.162","article-title":"The effects of high-impact and resistance exercise on urinary calcium excretion","volume":"19","author":"Nemoseck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00777-8","article-title":"Exercise to Prevent and Manage Frailty and Fragility Fractures","volume":"21","author":"Dent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01675-2","article-title":"Progressive Resistance Training for Concomitant Increases in Muscle Strength and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Giuliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.01.001","article-title":"Effects of 8-week High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Bone Metabolism in Sedentary Young Females","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211050033","article-title":"Effect of Exercise Training on 1,25(OH)2D Levels: The FIT-AGEING Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikniaz, L., Ghojazadeh, M., Nateghian, H., Nikniaz, Z., Farhangi, M.A., and Pourmanaf, H. (2021). The interaction effect of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, and lung function in male smokers: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00333-w"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.4.1271","article-title":"Interaction of the effects between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and exercise training on bone metabolism","volume":"88","author":"Tajima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.01.009","article-title":"Phosphate homeostasis in healthy subjects during prolonged periodic and continuous hypokinesia","volume":"40","author":"Zorbas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f79fa8","article-title":"Acute calcium ingestion attenuates exercise-induced disruption of calcium homeostasis","volume":"43","author":"Barry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf004","article-title":"The effect of calcium supplementation on bone calcium balance and calcium and bone metabolism during load carriage in women: A randomised controlled crossover trial","volume":"40","author":"Coombs","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:73:3:231","article-title":"Calcium supplementation effect on calcium balance in endurance-trained athletes during prolonged hypokinesia and ambulatory conditions","volume":"73","author":"Zorbas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232070-00005","article-title":"Skeletal adaptations to alterations in weight-bearing activity: A comparison of models of disuse osteoporosis","volume":"32","author":"Giangregorio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"33","article-title":"Skeletal responses to space flight and the bed rest analog: A review","volume":"7","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.10.1594","article-title":"The effects of twelve weeks of bed rest on bone histology, biochemical markers of bone turnover, and calcium homeostasis in eleven normal subjects","volume":"13","author":"Zerwekh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-022-00245-0","article-title":"Bone metabolism during strict head-down tilt bed rest and exposure to elevated levels of ambient CO2","volume":"8","author":"McGrath","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(91)90079-F","article-title":"Biochemical parameters of bone turnover during ten days of bed rest and subsequent mobilization","volume":"13","author":"Lips","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bone Miner."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91134.2008","article-title":"Effects of artificial gravity during bed rest on bone metabolism in humans","volume":"107","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.09.014","article-title":"Lower body negative pressure treadmill exercise as a countermeasure for bed rest-induced bone loss in female identical twins","volume":"40","author":"Zwart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01064.2012","article-title":"Bone metabolism and nutritional status during 30-day head-down-tilt bed rest","volume":"113","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.9.1688","article-title":"Nitrogen metabolism and bone metabolism markers in healthy adults during 16 weeks of bed rest","volume":"47","author":"Scheld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-3-948","article-title":"The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the inhibition of bone formation induced by skeletal unloading","volume":"118","author":"Halloran","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antioxidant Supplementation Does Not Affect Bone Turnover Markers During 60 Days of 6 Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest: Results from an Exploratory bedridden older patients","volume":"37","author":"Austermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4703-6","article-title":"The negative effect of unloading exceeds the bone-sparing effect of alkaline supplementation: A bed rest study","volume":"30","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm141","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation has minor effects on parathyroid hormone and bone turnover markers in vitamin D-deficient bedridden older patients","volume":"37","author":"Sorva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linossier, M.T., Amirova, L.E., Thomas, M., Normand, M., Bareille, M.P., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Beck, A., Costes-Salon, M.C., Bonneau, C., and Gharib, C. (2017). Effects of short-term dry immersion on bone remodeling markers, insulin and adipokines. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182970"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-006-0686-z","article-title":"Immobilization decreases duodenal calcium absorption through a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-dependent pathway","volume":"24","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010443","article-title":"Regulation of calcitriol biosynthesis and activity: Focus on gestational vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Avila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effect of gravidity and lactation on calcium metabolism and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. A longitudinal study","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Burckhardt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis \u201994"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1263","article-title":"The interrelationship of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in pregnancy at term: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Papapetrou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). The role of vitamin D physiology in regulating calcium and bone metabolism in mother and child: Pregnancy, lactation, postweaning, fetus, and neonate. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 33."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000641","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: An overview","volume":"32","author":"Pilz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.561895","article-title":"Ionized calcium levels in umbilical cord blood of women with preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancies","volume":"25","author":"Yusuf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebreyohannes, R.D., Abdella, A., Ayele, W., and Eke, A.C. (2021). Association of dietary calcium intake, total and ionized serum calcium levels with preeclampsia in Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04005-y"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198703193161204","article-title":"Hypocalciuria in preeclampsia","volume":"316","author":"Taufield","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90625-5","article-title":"Abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism in preeclampsia","volume":"166","author":"August","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Lower serum ionized calcium and abnormal calciotropic hormone levels in preeclampsia","volume":"74","author":"Seely","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1828","article-title":"Preeclampsia is associated with low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in maternal and umbilical cord compartments","volume":"85","author":"Halhali","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.055","article-title":"Decreased fractional urinary calcium excretion and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and IGF-I levels in preeclampsia","volume":"103","author":"Halhali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0296-9","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and calcium-regulating hormones in preeclamptics and controls during first day postpartum","volume":"48","author":"Dalmar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2017.98","article-title":"Glucocorticoid exposure induces preeclampsia via dampening 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.47","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 23 is elevated before parathyroid hormone and phosphate in chronic kidney disease","volume":"79","author":"Isakova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007060673","article-title":"Postprandial mineral metabolism and secondary hyperparathyroidism in early CKD","volume":"19","author":"Isakova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000045","article-title":"Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease: A systemic role for selective vitamin D receptor activation","volume":"69","author":"Andress","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2025). Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease. Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs460","article-title":"Secreted Klotho and FGF23 in chronic kidney disease Stage 1 to 5: A sequence suggested from a cross-sectional study","volume":"28","author":"Pavik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2014.01.001","article-title":"Significance of residual renal function for phosphate control in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"33","author":"Rhee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3283477a7b","article-title":"CYP24A1 and kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Petkovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.193","article-title":"The serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration, a marker of vitamin D catabolism, is reduced in chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Bosworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.02.015","article-title":"Estimated GFR and circulating 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration: A participant-level analysis of 5 cohort studies and clinical trials","volume":"64","author":"Sachs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f6hr, R., Schuh, A., Heine, G.H., and Brandenburg, V. (2018). FGF23 in Cardiovascular Disease: Innocent Bystander or Active Mediator?. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00351"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsha.2012.11.003","article-title":"Hypocalcemic rachitic cardiomyopathy in infants","volume":"25","author":"Elidrissy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Saudi Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060187","article-title":"Cardiac failure secondary to hypocalcaemia of nutritional osteomalacia","volume":"13","author":"Avery","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.10.006","article-title":"The Association Between Serum Calcium Levels and Short-Term Mortality in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"132","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq106","article-title":"Relations of serum phosphorus levels to echocardiographic left ventricular mass and incidence of heart failure in the community","volume":"12","author":"Dhingra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0847-8","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolites and fibroblast growth factor-23 in patients with left ventricular assist device implants: Association with stroke and mortality risk","volume":"55","author":"Zittermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.01.013","article-title":"Poor outcome in end-stage heart failure patients with low circulating calcitriol levels","volume":"10","author":"Zittermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2011.611250","article-title":"Parameters of mineral metabolism predict midterm clinical outcome in end-stage heart failure patients","volume":"45","author":"Zittermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31818c2708","article-title":"Calcitriol deficiency and 1-year mortality in cardiac transplant recipients","volume":"87","author":"Zittermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zittermann, A., Zelzer, S., Herrmann, M., Gummert, J.F., Kleber, M., Trummer, C., Theiler-Schwetz, V., Keppel, M.H., Maerz, W., and Pilz, S. (2024). Determinants of circulating calcitriol in cardiovascular disease. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2024.106528"},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Vitamin D hydroxylationedeficient rickets, type 1A. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 664."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3356-y","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor-23 and renin-angiotensin system levels in vitamin-D-dependent rickets type I","volume":"31","author":"Cuervo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). The role of genetic variation in CYP2R1, the principal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, and CYP3A4 in vitamin D homeostasis. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 67."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D resistant rickets (VDDR-2A). Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 68."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Infantile hypercalcemia and CYP24A1 mutations. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 69."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1106636","article-title":"Clinical practice. Primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"365","author":"Marcocci","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ziae012","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziae012","article-title":"Loss of 24-hydroxylated catabolism increases calcitriol and fibroblast growth factor 23 and alters calcium and phosphate metabolism in fetal mice","volume":"8","author":"Bennin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.12.009","article-title":"Regulation of the extrarenal CYP27B1-hydroxylase","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01160308","article-title":"Vitamin D in health and disease","volume":"3","author":"Heaney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Regulation of extra-renal synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 9.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91386-7.00023-4"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds","volume":"111","author":"Somjen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanakul, A., Zhang, M.Y., Louw, A., Armbrecht, H.J., Miller, W.L., Portale, A.A., and Parwad, F. (2013). FGF23 regulates CYP27B1 transcription in the kidney and in extra-renal tissues. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072816"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0193","article-title":"Variations in infant and childhood vitamin D supplementation programmes across Europe and factors influencing adherence","volume":"6","author":"Uday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-016-0018-3","article-title":"Nutritional rickets in immigrant and refugee children","volume":"37","author":"Thacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70212-2","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: A trial sequential meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Bolland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Hewison, M., Bouillon, R., Giovanucci, E., Goltzman, D., Meyer, M., and Welsh, J. (2024). Growth plate histology, bone histomorphometry, and radiologic features of nutritional rickets and osteomalacia. Fieldman and Pike\u2019s Vitamin D, Academic Press. [5th ed.]. Chapter 62."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1049","article-title":"From Wolff\u2019s law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications","volume":"262","author":"Frost","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"CD000227","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men","volume":"2014","author":"Avenell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272305","article-title":"Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women","volume":"327","author":"Chapuy","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0156","article-title":"Effects of 6-month vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and secretion: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"181","author":"Lemieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"E356","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and calbindin D28k in human and rat pancreas","volume":"267","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0424fje","article-title":"Impaired insulin secretory capacity in mice lacking a functional vitamin D receptor","volume":"17","author":"Zeitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa335","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa335","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"105","author":"Barbarawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.102217","article-title":"Association between calcium supplementation and gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia: A Meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2024.101174","article-title":"Effectiveness of calcium supplementation in the prevention of gestational hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34620","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034620","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of low-dose aspirin combined with calcium in preventing preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghib, K., Ghanm, T.I., Abunamoos, A., Rajabi, M., Moawad, S.M., Mohsen, A., Kasem, S., Elsayed, K., Sayed, M., and Dawoud, A.I. (2024). Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-07081-y"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(90)90038-H","article-title":"Recent advances in pediatric metabolic bone disease: The consequences of altered phosphate homeostasis in renal insufficiency and hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets","volume":"9","author":"Pettifor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bone Miner."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stremke, E.R., and Hill Gallant, K.M. (2018). Intestinal Phosphorus Absorption in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101364"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft244","article-title":"Phosphate control in end-stage renal disease: Barriers and opportunities","volume":"28","author":"Waheed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-6-1063","article-title":"Plasma vitamin D metabolite concentrations in chronic renal failure: Effect of oral administration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"59","author":"Halloran","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00844-1","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Trials Investigating the Response to Supplementation and an Overview of Guidelines","volume":"109","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zittermann, A., Ernst, J.B., Pilz, S., Dreier, J., Kuhn, J., Knabbe, C., Gummert, J.F., Morshuis, M., and Milting, H. (2016). Calciotropic and Phosphaturic Hormones in End-Stage Heart Failure Patients Supported by a Left-Ventricular Assist Device. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164459"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020545","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020545","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on ventricular remodelling in heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2019.1612084","article-title":"Meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044645","article-title":"VITAL Research Group Supplementation with Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Incidence of Heart Failure Hospitalization: VITAL-Heart Failure","volume":"141","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03124-w","article-title":"Long-term supplementation with 3200 to 4000 IU of vitamin D daily and adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"62","author":"Zittermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015417","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5015417","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Renin and Aldosterone Concentrations in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: The EVITA Trial","volume":"2018","author":"Zittermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-021-00250-4","article-title":"Serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin d in relation to longevity, cardiovascular disease and cancer: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00051-6","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcmmel, L.S., Krumbein, H., Fragkou, P.C., H\u00fcnerbein, B.L., Reiter, R., Papathanasiou, K.A., Th\u00f6lken, C., Weiss, S.T., Renz, H., and Skevaki, C. (2022). Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1023903"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong, T.D., Blose, N., Mabetha, D., and Kredo, T. (2023). Comment on Hosseini et al. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2134. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010059"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Autier, P., Doi, G., Mullie, P., Vankrunkelsven, P., D\u2019Ecclesiis, O., and Gandini, S. (2025). Vitamin D, acute respiratory infections, and COVID-19: The curse of small-size randomised trials. A critical review with meta-analysis of randomised trials. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303316"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piatek, K., Kutner, A., Cacsire Castillo-Tong, D., Manhardt, T., Kupper, N., Nowak, U., Chody\u0144ski, M., Marcinkowska, E., Kallay, E., and Schepelmann, M. (2021). Vitamin D Analogs Regulate the Vitamin D System and Cell Viability in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010172"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X. (2025). Therapeutic Applications of Vitamin D. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.), 30.","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL37218"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:49:46Z","timestamp":1760032186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26125570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26125570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]}}}