{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:23Z","timestamp":1787028563306,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP180101334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180101334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP180101085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180101085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP190101209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP190101209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P220200614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P220200614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oz Omics Pty Ltd","award":["LP180101334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180101334"]}]},{"name":"Oz Omics Pty Ltd","award":["LP180101085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180101085"]}]},{"name":"Oz Omics Pty Ltd","award":["LP190101209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP190101209"]}]},{"name":"Oz Omics Pty Ltd","award":["P220200614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P220200614"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are parasitic nematodes that infect humans, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, where they contribute substantially to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Among them, hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum) cause substantial morbidity, leading to anaemia, malnutrition, and developmental impairment. Despite the global impact of hookworm disease, genomic research on A. duodenale has lagged behind that of other hookworms, limiting comparative and molecular biological investigations. Here, we report the first chromosome-level reference genome of A. duodenale, assembled from a single adult specimen archived in ethanol at \u221220 \u00b0C for more than 27 years. Using third-generation sequencing (PacBio Revio, Menlo Park, CA, USA, Oxford Nanopore, Oxford, UK), Hi-C scaffolding, and advanced computational tools, we produced a high-quality 319 Mb genome, filling a critical gap in hookworm genomics. Comparative analyses with N. americanus and the related, free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provided new insights into genome organisation, synteny, and specific adaptations. While A. duodenale exhibited strong chromosomal synteny with N. americanus, its limited synteny with C. elegans highlights its distinct parasitic adaptations. We identified 20,015 protein-coding genes, including conserved single-copy orthologues (SCOs) linked to host\u2013pathogen interactions, immune evasion and essential biological processes. The first comprehensive secretome analysis of A. duodenale revealed a diverse repertoire of excretory\/secretory (ES) proteins, including immunomodulatory candidates predicted to interact with host structural and immune-related proteins. This study advances hookworm genomics, establishes a basis for the sequencing of archival specimens, and provides fundamental insights into the molecular biology of A. duodenale. The genomic resource for this hookworm species creates new opportunities for diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine development within a One Health framework. It complements recent epidemiological work and aligns with the WHO NTD roadmap (2021\u20132030) and Sustainable Development Goal 3.3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T03:44:58Z","timestamp":1749613498000},"page":"5576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chromosome-Contiguous Ancylostoma duodenale Reference Genome from a Single Archived Specimen Elucidates Human Hookworm Biology and Host\u2013Parasite Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil D.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita B.","family":"Sumanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangning","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Data Futures Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5313-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bill C. H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin B.","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, April 05). Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections. 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