{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:10:27Z","timestamp":1791378627160,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-06"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["DP2-TMU-113-O-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-TMU-113-O-05"]}]},{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["113TMU-TMUH-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113TMU-TMUH-18"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-06"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["DP2-TMU-113-O-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-TMU-113-O-05"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["113TMU-TMUH-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113TMU-TMUH-18"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University\u2013Taipei Medical University Hospital","award":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-110-21121-01-O-06"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University\u2013Taipei Medical University Hospital","award":["DP2-TMU-113-O-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2-TMU-113-O-05"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University\u2013Taipei Medical University Hospital","award":["113TMU-TMUH-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113TMU-TMUH-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Articular cartilage is an avascular and aneural connective tissue that is frequently damaged due to trauma or degenerative joint diseases, often resulting in arthritis. Its limited intrinsic capacity for self-renewal poses a significant challenge to effective repair. Hence, the development of regenerative strategies is essential to enhance the poor intrinsic healing of cartilage tissue. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive, drug-free, and safe approach. PBM exerts photobiological effects that promote cellular responses and reduce inflammatory conditions, all of which are beneficial for cartilage repair. Nonetheless, the efficacy of PBM varies depending on treatment parameters and treated targets. This review first summarizes PBM parameter-dependent outcomes in cartilage regeneration studies. Reported data indicate frequent use of red lasers (600\u2013660 nm, 0\u201310 J\/cm2), GaAIAs lasers (800\u2013880 nm, 10\u201350 J\/cm2), and Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm, up to 200 J\/cm2) in in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Moreover, PBM in conjunction with cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) has shown synergistic effects, enhancing scaffold-based repair outcomes. This review additionally explores PBM applications within CTE frameworks. The summarized findings aim to inform researchers and physicians by outlining optimized PBM strategies and highlighting PBM\u2019s strong potential in promoting cartilage regeneration, both independently and in combination with CTE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T06:11:49Z","timestamp":1749622309000},"page":"5580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Photobiomodulation in Promoting Cartilage Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nguyen Le Thanh","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-0200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Elena","family":"Avi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Sen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Shah, K.M., and Luo, J. 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