{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:45:42Z","timestamp":1790250342370,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Excellence Initiative\u2014Research University","award":["90-SIDUB.6102.21\/2024\/DB7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90-SIDUB.6102.21\/2024\/DB7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) has been used in traditional medicine for immune-boosting, stress-reducing, and endurance-enhancing properties. In this study, the chemical composition and biological activity of polar and non-polar fractions obtained from 75% methanol E. senticosus roots extract were evaluated. Spectrophotometric methods were used to assess the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, O2\u2022\u2212) and anti-enzymatic (hyaluronidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, \u03b1-amylase, and tyrosinase) activities. Metabolic profiling was carried out using HPLC-DAD and UHPLC-DAD\/ESI-TOF-MS. The ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 82.73 \u00b1 0.065 \u00b5g\/mL (DPPH) and 9.92 \u00b1 0.17 \u00b5g\/mL (ABTS). The EtOAc fraction also exhibited strong anti-enzymatic effects against hyaluronidase and \u03b1-amylase (125.24 \u00b1 12.29 and 97.34 \u00b1 9.18 \u00b5g\/mL, resp.). In turn, the hexane fraction exhibited the most potent anti-AChE activity with IC50 equal 245.72 \u00b1 11.82 \u00b5g\/mL. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of caffeic acid derivatives. These results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction may have therapeutic relevance in inflammation- and metabolic-related diseases. We perceive the potential of this fraction as a rich source of compounds with an anti-inflammatory activity; however, more advanced research in in vivo model is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1749700757000},"page":"5619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chemical Composition and In Vitro Biological Activity of the Polar and Non-Polar Fractions Obtained from the Roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2743-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"G\u0119balski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Ma\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Kie\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Graczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Wnorowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Ho\u0142y\u0144ska-Iwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Strzemski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"W\u00f3jciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Za\u0142uski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todorova, V., Ivanov, K., Delattre, C., Nalbantova, V., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., and Ivanova, S. (2021). Plant Adaptogens\u2014History and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082861"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.H., Meng, Y., Zhai, C., Wang, M., Avula, B., Yuk, J., and Khan, I.A. (2019). The chemical characterization of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Ci-wu-jia tea using UHPLC-UV-QTOF\/MS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030475"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7947","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Leaves on Ischemic Stroke via the Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09775-z","article-title":"The traditional uses, secondary metabolites, and pharmacology of Eleutherococcus species","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2024.152470","article-title":"Anatomy of Vegetative Organs of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae)","volume":"314","year":"2024","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105695","article-title":"The Effect of Adaptogenic Plants on Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Garmaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"144","article-title":"Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Adaptogenic Plants","volume":"142","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Mol. Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llopis, I., San-Miguel, N., and Serrano, M.\u00c1. (2025). The Effects of Psychobiotics and Adaptogens on the Human Stress and Anxiety Response: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15084564"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Chen, C., Leng, A., and Qu, J. (2021). Advances in the extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of Eleutherococcus senticosus polysaccharides: A promising medicinal and edible resource with development value. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.753007"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardanyan, A., Ghalachyan, L., Tadevosyan, A., Hakobjanyan, A., Sardaryan, A., and Daryadar, M. (2024). Hydroponic Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim) as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds and Herbal Tea. EHC2024: International Symposium on Sustainable Vegetable Production from Seed to Health Booster Sources, International Society for Horticultural Science.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2025.1416.38"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114274","article-title":"Findings of Russian literature on the clinical application of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.): A narrative review","volume":"278","author":"Gerontakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Meng, X., Zhao, W., Xu, S.-Q., Wang, S.-Y., Li, M.-M., Guan, W., Chen, Q.-S., Zhang, L.-L., and Kuang, H.-X. (2025). Phenylpropanoids of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Alleviate Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease In Vitro and In Vivo Models by Regulating Mst1 and Affecting the Nrf2\/Sirt3 Pathway. Bioorg. Chem., 159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.108347"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3bel-Biedrawa, D., and Podolak, I. (2024). Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Adaptogens: A Mini-Review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040866"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7555","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus on neurological disorders","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, X., Chen, Q., Chi, W., Qiu, Z., and Qiu, Y. (2024). A Metabolomics Study of the Effects of Eleutheroside B on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in a Zebrafish Diabetes Model. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071545"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200949","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200949","article-title":"Butanol Extract of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Alleviates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Aoki, T., Ito, Y., Oishi, K., Fujishima, M., Okumura, E., and Ishii, K. (2024). Effects of Continuous Supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms on the Cardiac Autonomic Function of Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals during Resting and Standing Tests: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1336676"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2020.14.4.322","article-title":"The Fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms Improves Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128506","article-title":"A Field Trials-Based Authentication Study of Conventionally and Organically Grown Chinese Yams Using Light Stable Isotopes and Multi-Elemental Analysis Combined with Machine Learning Algorithms","volume":"343","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., He, Y., Fu, J., Wang, Y., Fan, X., Zhong, T., and Zhou, H. (2023). Dietary Supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus Extract Alleviates Motor Deficits in MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mice and Its Underlying Mechanism. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1121789"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wu, Y., Shi, D., Jiang, C., Cao, H., Jiang, F., and Shi, X. (2024). Acanthopanax senticosus Improves Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Promoting the Phosphorylation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1383464"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tohda, C., Matsui, M., Inada, Y., Yang, X., Kuboyama, T., Kimbara, Y., and Watari, H. (2020). Combined Treatment with Two Water Extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus Leaf and Rhizome of Drynaria fortunei Enhances Cognitive Function: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind Study in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020303"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0119balski, J., Ma\u0142kowska, M., Wnorowska, S., Gawenda-Kempczy\u0144ska, D., Strzemski, M., W\u00f3jciak, M., S\u0142omka, A., Styczy\u0144ski, J., and Za\u0142uski, D. (2024). Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Eleutherococcus divaricatus Root Extract as a Promising Source of Compounds with Anti-Hyaluronidase, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Antioxidant Activity but Not Anti-Melanoma Activity. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29153640"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.20367","article-title":"Comparison of Xanthine Oxidase-Inhibiting and Free Radical-Scavenging Activities between Plant Adaptogens of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Rhodiola rosea","volume":"71","author":"Horng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13281","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200713281","article-title":"The Antioxidant Activity and Their Major Antioxidant Compounds from Acanthopanax senticosus and A. koreanum","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.11.002","article-title":"LC-ESI-MS\/MS profiling of phenolics from Eleutherococcus spp. inflorescences, structure-activity relationship as antioxidants, inhibitors of hyaluronidase and acetylcholinesterase","volume":"25","author":"Olech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.60322","article-title":"Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eleutherococcus senticosus Fruit Extracts","volume":"6","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0119balski, J., Ma\u0142kowska, M., Gawenda-Kempczy\u0144ska, D., S\u0142omka, A., Strzemski, M., Styczy\u0144ski, J., and Za\u0142uski, D. (2024). Eleutherococcus divaricatus Fruits Decrease Hyaluronidase Activity in Blood Serum and Protect from Oxidative Damages in In Vitro Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042033"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, M.-X., Yang, Y., Zou, Q.-P., Luo, J., Zhang, B.-B., Liu, X.-Q., and Hwang, E.-H. (2018). Anti-Diabetic Effects of Acankoreagenin from the Leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus Herb in RIN-m5F Cells via Suppression of NF-\u03baB Activation. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040958"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2010.39.12.1761","article-title":"Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Effect of Eleutherococcus spp.","volume":"39","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135135","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4135135","article-title":"In vitro anti-AChE, anti-BuChE, and antioxidant activity of 12 extracts of Eleutherococcus species","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8673521","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8673521","article-title":"Eleutherococcus species cultivated in Europe: A new source of compounds with antiacetylcholinesterase, antihyaluronidase, anti-DPPH, and cytotoxic activities","volume":"2019","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann, D., Kaur Dogra, A., Tahrani, A., Herrmann, F., and Wink, M. (2016). Extracts from Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase, a Known Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Target. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091161"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graczyk, F., G\u0119balski, J., Makuch-Kocka, A., Gawenda-Kempczy\u0144ska, D., Ptaszy\u0144ska, A.A., Grzyb, S., Bogucka-Kocka, A., and Za\u0142uski, D. (2022). Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Enzymatic and Cytotoxic Activity of the Fruits and Roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175579"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153181","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Root and Bark Extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Their Effects on Human Macrophages","volume":"68","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"325","article-title":"Accumulation of Biologically Active Compounds in the Rhizomes and Roots of Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus\/Maxim. et Rupr.\/Maxim.)","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.663","article-title":"Identification of Isomeric Dicaffeoylquinic Acids from Eleutherococcus senticosus Using HPLC-ESI\/TOF\/MS and 1H-NMR Methods","volume":"13","author":"Tolonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Yin, Z., Qie, X., Chen, Y., Zeng, M., Wang, Z., Qin, F., Chen, J., and He, Z. (2021). Interaction of soy protein isolate hydrolysates with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and its effect on the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the complexes under neutral condition. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061721"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.01.040","article-title":"Deciphering chemical profiling, pharmacological responses and potential bioactive constituents of Saussurea lappa Decne. Extracts through in vitro approaches","volume":"29","author":"Naseer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.05.111","article-title":"Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of selected China wines","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00332-1","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison","volume":"163","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Epifano, F., Fiorito, S., and \u00c1lvarez-Suarez, J.M. (2020). Phytochemical analysis and biological investigation of Nepeta juncea Benth. different extracts. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050646"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04522-y","article-title":"Anatomical and Hormonal Factors Determining the Development of Haploid and Zygotic Embryos of Oat (Avena sativa L.)","volume":"12","author":"Dziurka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65354-2","article-title":"Turbidimetric measurement of acid mucopoly-saccharides and hyaluronidase activity","volume":"220","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E., Dudek-Makuch, M., Chanaj-Kaczmarek, J., Czepulis, N., Korybalska, K., Rutkowski, R., \u0141uczak, J., Grabowska, K., Bylka, W., and Witowski, J. (2018). Anti-inflammatory activity and phytochemical profile of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092133"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A New and Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.161270","article-title":"In-Vitro \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Adiantum caudatum Linn. and Celosia argentea Linn. Extracts and Fractions","volume":"47","author":"Telagari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0119balski, J., Ma\u0142kowska, M., Graczyk, F., S\u0142omka, A., Piskorska, E., Gawenda-Kempczy\u0144ska, D., Kondrzycka-D\u0105da, A., Bogucka-Kocka, A., Strzemski, M., and Sowa, I. (2023). Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activities of Selected Adaptogenic Plants from South America, Asia, and Africa. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28166004"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10553","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200610553","article-title":"Analysis of flavonoids in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaves and their antioxidant activity using macroporous resin chromatography coupled with LC-MS\/MS and antioxidant biochemical assays","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2002). Polish Pharmacopoeia VI, Polish Pharmaceutical Society."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5619\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:50:26Z","timestamp":1760032226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26125619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26125619","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}