{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:13:54Z","timestamp":1773018834770,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo","award":["CIC-UMICH-2023-RMP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIC-UMICH-2023-RMP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic muscular atrophy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can decrease quality of life. Its complex mechanisms include alterations in proteolytic pathways, oxidative stress, and intracellular lipid accumulation. NADPH oxidase enzymes (NOX) play a key role in the production of ROS, contributing to oxidative damage and insulin resistance. Apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting its therapeutic potential in various diabetic complications. This study evaluated the impact of apocynin on the mechanisms of muscle atrophy in slow- and fast-twitch muscles of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg\/kg). Apocynin treatment (3 mg\/kg\/day) was administered for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profile, and weight gain were measured. Both slow-twitch (soleus) and fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) skeletal muscles were weighed and used to assess triglycerides (TG) content, histological analysis, lipid peroxidation levels, and gene expression evaluated by qRT-PCR. Apocynin reduced blood glucose levels, improved body weight, and exhibited hypolipidemic effects. It significantly increased muscle weight in EDL and soleus, especially in EDL muscle, lowering triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and increasing fiber size. Additionally, it decreased mRNA expression levels of MuRF-1, atrogin-1, myostatin and p47phox mRNA and upregulated PGC-1\u03b1 and follistatin mRNA. Apocynin exerted a myoprotective effect by mitigating muscle atrophy in diabetic rats. Its effects were differentially mediated on TG accumulation and muscle fiber size, reducing oxidative stress, atrogene expression, and positively regulating PGC-1\u03b1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T06:42:48Z","timestamp":1749710568000},"page":"5636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Apocynin Mitigates Diabetic Muscle Atrophy by Lowering Muscle Triglycerides and Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sarai","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. M\u00fajica S\/N, Col. Felicitas del R\u00edo, Morelia 58030, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7089-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Le\u00f3n, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Secci\u00f3n 2, Le\u00f3n 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Briones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Le\u00f3n, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Secci\u00f3n 2, Le\u00f3n 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2934-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esperanza","family":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Ave. Juanito Itz\u00edcuaro SN, Morelia 58330, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8537-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. Antonia","family":"Herrera-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Ave. Juanito Itz\u00edcuaro SN, Morelia 58330, Michoacan, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Gami\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Le\u00f3n, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Secci\u00f3n 2, Le\u00f3n 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla S.","family":"Vera-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Aplicadas al Trabajo, Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Le\u00f3n, Eugenio Garza Sada 572, Lomas del Campestre Secci\u00f3n 2, Le\u00f3n 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Montoya-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Francisco J. 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