{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:57:01Z","timestamp":1791284221648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) are among the most common dermatological conditions, affecting the quality of life of numerous people. Although they are widespread, effective and reliable treatment alternatives are limited, emphasizing the necessity for novel treatment options. Intralesional immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, aiming to stimulate the host immune response to achieve the clearance of both treated and distant lesions. This review explores the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous warts and provides an in-depth analysis of intralesional therapies including measles\u2013mumps\u2013rubella (MMR) vaccine, purified protein derivative (PPD), Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), Candida antigen, Mycobacterium w vaccine (MWV), vitamin D3, and autoinoculation. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the most promising modalities, highlighting their mechanism of action, outcomes, advantages, and limitations. Although initial data indicate that intralesional immunotherapy offers advantageous efficacy and tolerability, there is a lack of standardized treatment protocols and randomized controlled trials to endorse its broad application. Nevertheless, considering its potential to address local and distant lesions with minimal adverse effects, intralesional immunotherapy may represent a transformative approach to managing cutaneous warts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T11:47:07Z","timestamp":1749728827000},"page":"5644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intralesional Immunotherapy for Non-Genital Viral Warts: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9100-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Kucharczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce L. Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1297-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Paw\u0142uszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce L. Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Bili\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce L. Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of General Dermatology, Centre of General Dermatology Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ponikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of General Dermatology, Centre of General Dermatology Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024215","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1403a215","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Intralesional Immunotherapy and Conventional Treatments for Non-Genital Warts: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Molla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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