{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:21:12Z","timestamp":1790270472058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) coinfection is associated with a faster HIV disease progression and adverse clinical outcomes. HCMV-encoded miRNA expression, in individuals acutely infected with HIV (AHI), compared to those with HCMV monoinfection, was investigated in relation to viral replication and inflammation\/immune activation. Sixteen individuals with AHI coinfected with HCMV were analyzed at serodiagnosis (T0) and after 6 (T1) and 12 (T2) months of antiretroviral therapy initiated within one week from serodiagnosis. Fourteen HCMV monoinfected subjects were also studied. Plasma RNA was reverse-transcribed and amplified with a panel designed to detect 14 different HCMV-microRNAs (miRNAs). VEGF-A and IP-10 plasma levels were quantified using ELISA. Except for hcmv-miR-70-3p, detected in all subjects, hcmv-miR-UL112-3p, hcmv-miR-US25-1-5p, hcmv-miR-US25-2-3p, hcmv-miR-US4-5p, hcmv-miR-US5-1, hcmv-miR-US5-2-3p, hcmv-miR-UL36-3p, and hcmv-miR-UL36-5p were significantly more frequently detected when HCMV DNA was present (lytic infection). In latent HCMV infection, hcmv-miR-UL22A-5p and hcmv-miR-UL148D were more frequently observed in HIV\/HCMV-coinfected individuals, compared to mono-HCMV infection. Hcmv-miR-UL22A-5p and hcmv-miR-US33-5p showed a direct correlation with HIV-1 RNA. Notable positive correlations between hcmv-miR-UL22A-5p and the interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), as well as between hcmv-miR-UL148D and the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), were also observed. HCMV-miRNA expression varies between lytic and latent infection and differs in HIV coinfection. In HCMV\/HIV coinfection, increased levels of hcmv-miR-UL148D, associated with VEGF-A production, seem to be less linked to HIV viremia with respect to hcmv-miR-UL22A-5p and hcmv-miR-US33-5p. A deeper understanding of HCMV-encoded miRNA biology may facilitate the comprehension of HCMV\/HIV coinfection pathogenetic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:19:28Z","timestamp":1749795568000},"page":"5673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression of HCMV-Encoded miRNA in Subjects Acutely Coinfected with HIV: Correlation with Inflammation and Immune Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0558-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lazzari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Rozera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozenn","family":"Esvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Gagliardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Mazzotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Mondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Girardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2121-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Antinori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Abbate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2021.1930757","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-Encoded microRNAs: Potential Biomarkers and Clinical Applications","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, J., Cao, D., Yang, S., Jaijyan, D.K., Liu, X., Wu, S., Cruz-Cosme, R., Tang, Q., and Zhu, H. 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