{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:45:50Z","timestamp":1787161550179,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Center","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ7\/02489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ7\/02489"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Center","award":["NdS-II\/SP\/0438\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS-II\/SP\/0438\/2024\/01"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education and Science program (Science for Society II)","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ7\/02489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ7\/02489"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education and Science program (Science for Society II)","award":["NdS-II\/SP\/0438\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS-II\/SP\/0438\/2024\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the absence of fully effective therapies and preventive strategies against the development of urosepsis, a deeper understanding of the virulence mechanisms of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains is needed. UPEC strains employ a wide range of virulence factors (VFs) to persist in the urinary tract and bloodstream. UPEC strains were isolated from patients with sepsis and a control group without sepsis. PCR was used to detect 36 genes encoding various groups of virulence and fitness factors. Profiling of both intracellular and extracellular bacterial proteins was also included in our approach. Bacterial metabolites were identified and quantified using GC-MS and LC-MS techniques. The UpaG autotransporter, a trimeric E. coli AT adhesin, was significantly more prevalent in urosepsis strains (p = 0.00001). Iron uptake via aerobactin and the Iha protein also appeared to be predictive of urosepsis (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002, respectively). While some studies suggest an association between S fimbriae and the risk of urosepsis, we observed no such correlation (p = 0.0001). Proteomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that elevated levels of bacterial citrate, malate, coenzyme Q10, pectinesterase (YbhC), and glutamate transport proteins, as well as the regulators PhoP two-component system, CpxR two-component system, Nitrate\/nitrite response regulator protein NarL, and the Ferrienterobactin receptor FepA, may play a role in sepsis. These genetic biomarkers, proteins, and metabolites derived from UPEC could potentially serve as indicators for assessing the risk of developing sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:19:28Z","timestamp":1749795568000},"page":"5681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Risk of Urosepsis\u2014Genetic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wityk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Burzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Majchrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142 Jan","family":"Markuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Zhao, J., Wang, L., Han, C., Yan, R., and Zhu, P. 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